Concept: Qualification and quantification of all metabolic components in a specific biological sample under defined conditions

According to different research objects and purposes, it is divided into 4 levels: 1. Metabolite target analysis; 1. Metabolic profiling analysis; 3. Metabolomics; 4: Metabolic fingerprint analysis

Arginine: necessary for the growth and proliferation of T lymphocytes. Has anti-tumor effect

Methionine: Lymphocytes have special requirements for methionine. The lack of it will hinder the growth and development of rats and cause the thymus and spleen to degenerate.

Lysine: demand is related to the activity of the immune system in livestock and poultry, and is negatively correlated

Threonine: limiting amino acid. Deficiency can cause the production of immunoglobulins and T/B lymphocytes, affecting immune function.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids: immune modulation

VA... slightly

Concept: A systemic dysfunctional metabolic disease caused by carbohydrate and volatile fatty acid metabolism disorders in dairy cows within days to weeks after calving.

Clinical ketosis: above 3.44mmol/L

Subclinical ketosis: 1.72~3.44mmol/L

Epidemiology: It mostly occurs within 3 weeks after calving. It is more common in cows with high milk production. It is more common in winter and spring.

Pathogenesis: Glucose is mainly converted by gluconeogenesis of propionate; grass and green hay feed produce the most propionic acid; the decrease in blood sugar concentration is the central link in the occurrence of ketosis; fatty acids generate triglycerides in the liver

Ketone bodies: beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone

Characteristics: Hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, hyperketonuria, hyperketonia

Causes: 1. High yield of dairy cows, 2. Unbalanced dietary nutrition and insufficient supply, 3. Excessive prenatal obesity of cows

Treatment: 1. Alternative therapy (intravenous injection of 500ml of 50% glucose, feeding propylene glycol or glycerol); 2. Hormone therapy, 3. Other therapies (chloral hydrate)

Prevention: 1. Scientifically control the nutrient supply of cattle throughout the lactation period, and strictly prevent cattle from becoming overweight before the end of lactation; 2. Gradually increase energy supply 4 to 5 weeks before delivery, and gradually increase it until calving and peak lactation periods. ; 3. Concentrated feed should maintain a reasonable ratio of coarse and concentrated feed. The crude protein content in the concentrate should not exceed 16% to 18%, and ground corn is the best carbohydrate; 4. Barley, etc. can be used instead of corn as carbohydrate in the feed, and good quality hay or silage should be provided; 5. In ketosis Feeding sodium propionate during the period of high disease incidence also has a good preventive effect.

Concept: A lipid metabolism disorder that occurs before and after birth in cows and is characterized by anorexia, depression, severe ketonemia, fatty liver, terminal increased heart rate, coma, and high mortality rate.

Cause: high milk production, reduced food intake, excessive obesity during pregnancy

Characteristics: Ketosis, initial hypoglycemia and later hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia

Prevention and treatment: intravenous injection of 500ml of 50% glucose, and injection of corticosteroids to stimulate glucose production in the body

Concept: A nutritional metabolic disease caused by abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and volatile fatty acids in ewes at the end of pregnancy. It is characterized by ketonemia, ketonuria, hypoglycemia and reduced liver glycogen. It is a highly lethal disease in sheep. disease

Characteristics: Hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, and hyperketonuria

Treatment: Injection of glucose, glycerol or propylene glycol sugar

Concept: A metabolic disease characterized by intractable appetite and loss of drinking desire in the third trimester of pregnancy, which is prone to multiple pregnancies.

Clinical features: hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, increased plasma free fatty acid concentration

Pathological changes: poor blood coagulation and viscosity, subcutaneous edema, liver and kidney enlargement, severe fatty infiltration

Concept: A nutritional metabolic disease of laying hens caused by nutrition, genetics and other reasons. Clinically, it is characterized by excessive obesity and decreased egg production.

Causes: 1. Genetic factors, the incidence of broiler breeders is higher than that of egg breeders; 2. Nutritional factors, large amounts of energy intake cause fat accumulation in the liver; 3. Feeding methods, cage keeping is an important inducement; 4. Toxins, Aspergillus aflatoxin Toxins; 5 temperature 6 stress 7 endocrine

Concept: A nutritional and metabolic disease in broiler chickens characterized by swelling of the liver and kidneys and the presence of large amounts of lipids, lethargy, paralysis and sudden death of sick chickens. Most commonly occurs in broiler chickens aged 3 to 4 weeks

Causes: 1. Biotin deficiency; 2. Fat and protein metabolism disorders; 3. Stress factors

Concept: Refers to the pathological process of amyloid deposition and the formation of amyloid fibers in the reticular fibers, blood vessels or extracellular parts of certain tissues and organs.

Pathological changes: The liver was significantly enlarged, dark in color, soft in texture, fragile and brittle, the cut surface was brown and greasy, the kidneys were pale and enlarged, and the spleen was enlarged.

Concept: A nutritional metabolic disease characterized by muscle degeneration, metadromal dyskinesia and myoglobinuria due to disordered glucose metabolism and massive accumulation of muscle lactic acid.

Causes: 1. Feeding too much carbohydrate-rich feed; 2. Sudden labor

Concept: Due to excessive production or excretion disorder of avian uric acid, the content of uric acid in the blood increases significantly, and then is deposited in the form of urate in the joint capsule, articular cartilage, thoracoabdominal cavity, various organ surfaces and other interstitial tissues.

Causes: 1. Excessive production of uric acid (high protein feed; genetic factors); 2. Disorders of uric acid excretion (infectious factors; toxic factors; nutritional factors)

type

Characteristic changes: Tophi formed due to urate deposition can be seen in the kidney tissue

Concept: An endocrine disease in which glucose metabolism is disrupted due to a relative or absolute lack of insulin caused by neuroendocrine disorders. Clinically, it is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, hyperglycemia, and glycosuria.

Cause

Concept: An osteodystrophy characterized by bone decalcification, osteoporosis and bone deformation that occurs due to disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism after endochondral ossification is completed in adult animals.

Cause: Lack of calcium, phosphorus and/or vitamin D in feed and drinking water, or improper calcium to phosphorus ratio

Calcium to phosphorus ratio: 1.5~2:1

Concept: Osteodystrophy in young animals caused by vitamin D deficiency or calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, clinically characterized by digestive disorders, pica, lameness and bone deformation

Causes: 1. Insufficient VD supply in the diet; 2. Insufficient light; 3. Female animals eat forage that has not been exposed to the sun for a long time; 4. Animals suffer from chronic liver and kidney diseases; 5. Calcium-phosphorus deficiency or inappropriate calcium-phosphorus ratio in the diet.

Pathological features: insufficient osteoblast calcification, excessive formation of uncalcified bone-like tissue, endochondral ossification disorder and reduced calcium deposition in osteogenic tissue, resulting in temporary incomplete calcification of cartilage hypertrophy and bone enlargement

Concept: A metabolic disease in which bone tissue is dissolved and absorbed and replaced by proliferating fibrous tissue caused by disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body.

Causes: 1. Unbalanced ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the diet; 2. Too much protein and fat in the feed affects calcium absorption, or too much oxalate and calcium form calcium oxalate, which affects absorption; 3. Insufficient exercise, less sunshine, and insufficient dietary VD.

Clinical symptoms: heterophilia, lameness, bone deformation and easy fracture

Concept: Due to the lack of VD and calcium and phosphorus in the feed or the serious imbalance of the calcium and phosphorus ratio in the feed, caged laying hens have loose bones, deformed and brittle bones, and are clinically characterized by the inability to stand and difficulty in moving.

Causes: 1. Lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet or serious imbalance in the ratio of calcium to phosphorus; 2. Lack of VD in the diet; 3. Lack of good granular limestone in the diet; 4. Too high cage density; 5. Intestinal diseases

Concept: Endemic nutritional metabolic diseases that often occur in areas with low phosphorus content in the soil or in arid areas

Clinical features: Hemoglobinuria, hypophosphatemia, anemia, and hypophosphatemia

Concept: A disease characterized by deformation and necrosis of skeletal muscle, myocardium and liver tissue caused by the lack or insufficiency of trace elements selenium and VE in the body. It mainly occurs in young animals.

Characteristics: It mainly occurs in young animals, and adult animals mainly show reproductive dysfunction.

Pathological changes: 1. Degeneration and necrosis of skeletal muscle and myocardium; 2. Exudative diathesis; 3. Muscle degeneration; 4. Mulberry heart; 5. Pancreatic necrosis; 6. Liver necrosis

Treatment: intramuscular injection of 0.1% sodium selenite, combined with VE

Concept: refers to a nutritional deficiency disease caused by insufficient copper in the feed or factors that interfere with copper absorption and utilization in the body.

Clinical Features: Lumbar Waist Disease

clinical symptoms

Concept: There is a lack of iron in the feed, insufficient intake, or excessive iron loss. Clinically, young animals are characterized by anemia, fatigue, and decreased vitality.

Clinical symptoms: anemia, visible mucosa is yellowish or pale white

Prevention and treatment: 1. Supplement iron preparations; 2. Improve the feeding and management of piglets

Concept: Nutritional metabolic diseases caused by insufficient manganese supply or malabsorption. Clinically, it is characterized by stunted growth and development, skeletal deformities, reproductive dysfunction, and movement disorders in newborn animals.

clinical symptoms

Prevention and treatment: Improve feeding and management, provide green feed rich in manganese or add manganese compounds

Concept: The zinc content in the feed is insufficient or there are factors that interfere with zinc absorption and utilization. Clinically, it is characterized by slow growth, abnormal skin keratinization, reproductive dysfunction, and abnormal bone development.

Clinical features: Animals are characterized by anorexia, extreme weight loss, and anemia. Occurs only in ruminants such as sheep, goats, and cattle

Clinical features: endemic goiter, growth and development retardation, skin abnormalities, reduced reproductive performance, myxedema, and neonatal death.

Clinical symptoms:

Vitamin A: Retinol and dehydroretinol. VA deficiency reduces rhodopsin production, leading to "night blindness"

deficiency disorder

hyperlipidemia