Biological macromolecules formed by amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Is the main executor of life activities

Primary structure: amino acid sequence

Secondary structure: α-helix, β-sheet, etc.

Tertiary structure: the three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain

Quaternary structure: a combination of multiple polypeptide chains

Differential centrifugation: separation based on particle size and density

Density gradient centrifugation: separation using media of different densities

SDSPAGE: Separating proteins based on molecular weight

Two-dimensional electrophoresis: first separate based on isoelectric point, then separate based on molecular weight

Ion exchange chromatography: separation of proteins based on their charge properties

Gel filtration chromatography: separation based on molecular size

Affinity chromatography: Separation using specific molecular interactions

MALDITOF: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

ESIMS: Edar Electric ionization Spectrum

Edman Degradation: Determining Sequences Amino Acid by Amino Acid

Mass spectrometry: Sequence inference from peptide mass information

Western Blot: Using antibodies to specifically identify proteins

Immunoprecipitation (IP): using antibodies to specifically precipitate target proteins

Quantification using protein-dye binding properties

Quantification using the color change of proteins after binding to dyes

Quantification using color changes after protein reacts with reagents

Determination of enzyme activity using substrate conversion rate

Determination of specific enzyme activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Yeast two-hybrid system: detecting protein-protein interactions

Co-immunoprecipitation: detecting protein complex interactions in vivo

Immunofluorescence technology: using fluorescently labeled antibodies to locate proteins

Electron microscopy: observing the distribution of proteins in cells

Analyzing protein crystal structures using X-ray diffraction

Analyzing the structure of proteins in solution using NMR spectroscopy

Molecular dynamics simulation: Simulating the dynamic behavior of proteins under different conditions

Homology modeling: predicting unknown structures based on known structures

Study the expression and function of all proteins in cells, tissues or organisms

Protein chip technology: high-throughput detection of protein expression and activity

Proteomics Data Analysis: Analyzing Data Using Bioinformatics Tools

Disease marker discovery: looking for protein markers associated with disease

Identification of Drug Targets: Identifying Protein Targets on which Drugs Act

Use and handling of human samples

Ethical Review of Animal Experiments

Laboratory safety practices

Data and sample management regulations

Application and protection of invention patents

Reasonable use and sharing of scientific research results