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This is a mind map about the visual organ (eye), a complex sensory organ responsible for sensing light wave stimulation and converting it into nerve impulses. A very detailed and concise summary of relevant knowledge points. It is very worth learning and will allow you to get twice the result with half the effort. Everyone is welcome to learn together!

Edited at 2024-11-09 12:02:16

21_ethanSawyer

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21_ethanSawyer

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Outline

Vision

sensor

It is a device used by the body to sense various stimuli, consisting of receptors and ancillary devices.

receptor

It is a structure that can receive a certain stimulus and produce excitement.

Specific, a type of receptor is only sensitive to a specific stimulus or change

It accepts various stimuli from the internal and external environment of the body and converts them into nerve impulses. A conscious feeling is produced through the integration of sensory nerves--→corresponding centers in the cerebral cortex.

Classification

Exteroceptors: distributed in the skin, mucous membranes, retina and inner ear, etc., receive physical and chemical stimulation from the external environment

Circular corpuscles: feel pain and temperature

Tactile corpuscles: feel gross touch

Cones and rods: experience vision

Spiralizer: feeling hearing, etc.

Interoceptors: distributed in internal organs and blood vessel walls, receiving physical and chemical stimulation from the internal environment

Carotid sinus, aortic sinus: feeling pressure

Carotid glomeruli, aortic glomeruli: chemoreceptors

Olfactory mucosa: sense of smell

Taste buds: feeling the taste

Proprioceptors: distributed in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ears, receiving stimulation from body movement and balance

Divided into two categories based on the degree of specialization of the receptors

General receptors: distributed throughout the body, sensing pain, temperature, touch, pressure, etc.

Special receptors (sensory organs): only in the head, vision, hearing, smell, taste, balance

visual device (eye)

composition

Eyeball: wall of the eyeball (adventitia, media and intima), contents (aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body)

Eye accessories: auxiliary devices of the eye, such as eyelids, conjunctiva, extraocular muscles, tear apparatus, etc.

visual pathway

Function: Accept the stimulation of visible light waves and convert them into nerve impulse conduction → visual transmission path → brain visual center → vision

eyeball

Located in the orbit, approximately spherical, the posterior part is connected to the optic nerve and the optic chiasm of the diencephalon

eyeball wall

adventitia (fibrous membrane)

The front 1/6 is the cornea and the back 5/6 is the sclera

cornea

Colorless and transparent, no blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Large curvature, refractive effect

Rich sensory nerve endings and keen sensation (corneal reflex)

sclera

Tough texture, milky white

The thickness varies, with the thinnest at the attachment of the extraocular muscles and the thickest around the optic nerve.

Function: Protect the eyeball and maintain the normal shape of the eye. Clinical jaundice formation

limbus

The transition zone between the cornea and the sclera is about 1.5~2.5mm wide

Scleral sinus: a circular channel within the transition zone that drains aqueous humor back into the veins

anterior chamber angle

Located at the junction of the periphery of the cornea and the root of the iris

It is the main location where aqueous humor is reabsorbed and discharged outside the eyeball.

Media (vascular membrane/pigmented membrane/uvea)

iris

Located at the front of the eyeball, coronally disk-shaped

Features

Iris color varies by race, with Asians showing tan color

There is a round hole in the center, called the pupil

There is a pupillary sphincter surrounding the pupil - it narrows the pupil and is innervated by parasympathetic nerves

There is the dilator muscle around the pupil - it dilates the pupil and is innervated by sympathetic nerves

Function: Adjust the light and intensity entering the eye

ciliary body

Located between the root of the iris and the choroid, 6~7mm wide

Features

Circular in front view; slightly triangular in sagittal view

ciliary process, ciliary zonules, connected to the lens

Ciliary muscle: circular, longitudinal, oblique

effect

Adjust the curvature of the lens to help see distant or near objects

produce aqueous humor

Intima (retina)

Choroidal part (optic part of retina)---posterior

Located medial to the choroid, originating anteriorly from the ora serrata of the ciliary body

Features: Divided into two layers: inner and outer

Outer layer: pigment epithelial cell layer

Inner layer: nerve cell layer

There is a potential gap between the two sides where retinal detachment occurs

Cones: Feel bright light and color (color blindness detection)

Rod cells: detect low light

important structure of vision department

Optic disc (optic nerve head)

It is an orange-red, round, disc-shaped structure located on the inner surface of the back of the optic part of the retina, where the optic nerve begins. It is formed by the axons of ganglion cells gathering here, and the optic nerve passes through the eyeball.

There are no photoreceptor cells there and cannot detect light, which is called a physiological blind spot.

Structures passing through: central retinal artery, vein

yellow class

A small yellow area located slightly below the temporal side of the optic disc (about 3.5mm)

Contains dense cone cells

Fovea intermedius: A small pit in the center of the macula containing only cones. No blood vessels, the most sensitive point of vision

Visual axis: The axis of light rays from the center of the cornea and pupil to the fovea of the macula

Ciliary body (blind part)---middle

Iris---front

eyeball contents

Including aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body

Common characteristics: avascular, colorless and transparent; both have refractive effects; together with the cornea, they constitute the refractive medium of the eye.

Aqueous humor

Located in the eye chamber between the cornea and lens, divided into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber by the iris

Function: refraction; nourishes the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure

Generation and circulation pathways: ciliary body production → posterior chamber → pupil → anterior chamber → anterior chamber angle → scleral venous sinus → anterior ciliary vein → ophthalmic vein

Clinical relevance---glaucoma

Cause: Blockage of aqueous humor circulation, resulting in increased intraocular pressure

Main performance

Optic atrophy

visual field defect

Loss of vision or blindness

lens

Located between the iris and vitreous body

Lenticular transparent body

It is elastic, and its periphery is connected to the lens zonule and the ciliary process.

Function

Adjustment of far and near objects

When looking at near objects, the ciliary muscle contracts → the ciliary zonules relax → the lens becomes convex → the diopter increases

When looking at distant objects, the ciliary muscle relaxes → the ciliary zonules tighten → the lens becomes flat → the diopter decreases

Clinical relevance---Cataract: refers to the clouding of the lens caused by any reason, resulting in blurred vision or blindness

Vitreous body

A colorless, transparent gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina.

Function: refraction; support, shock absorption and metabolic effects on the retina and lens

eye assistive devices

eyelids

Structure: palpebral margin, palpebral fissure, medial canthus, lateral canthus, lacrimal papilla, puncta

Structure (divided into five layers from superficial to deep): skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle layer (orbicularis oculi muscle), tarsal plate, palpebral conjunctiva

conjunctiva

Form: a layer of smooth, transparent, vascularized mucous membrane

Division: palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, conjunctival fornix

eye device

lacrimal gland

Located in the lacrimal fossa of the anterolateral part of the supraorbital wall

Opening: Superior conjunctival fornix

function of tears

Prevent cornea from drying out and keep cornea transparent

Rinse the foreign body in the conjunctiva

Contains lysozyme, which has sterilizing effect

duct of tears

composition

tears

Lacrimal canaliculus: divided into upper and lower lacrimal canaliculus

lacrimal sac

nasolacrimal duct

extraocular muscles

Upper eyelid lift: lifts the upper eyelid to open the eye fissure, innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Lateral rectus: turns the pupil to the outside and is innervated by the abducens nerve

Medial rectus muscle: turns the pupil inward and is innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Upper rectus: turn the pupils to the upper inside, dominate the eye nerves

Inferior rectus muscle: turns the pupil downward and inward, innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Inferior oblique muscle: turns the pupil upward and outward, innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Superior oblique muscle: turns the pupil downward and outward, innervated by the trochlear nerve

Eye blood vessels and nerves

Arteries: internal carotid artery --- ophthalmic artery --- central retinal artery (terminal artery)

Veins: central retinal vein---vortex vein/anterior ciliary vein---superior and inferior ophthalmic veins