Study the Bible, distinguish truth from fiction, and highlight the collective intentions in it to grasp the real spirit of the times.

Religion is the form in which the human spirit has entered the stage of representational thinking but has not yet reached the stage of philosophical conceptual thinking. Once it evolves to the conceptual way of thinking, human beings will inevitably transcend and abandon religion.

Therefore, the absolute spirit actually controls everything behind the scenes in the development of human history. Personal subjectivity and subjective consciousness are just playthings and tools in the hands of the absolute spirit. What people think in their hearts is not what they say, and what they say is not them. actually did.

Beyond the individual, "objective spirit" drives history

The Gospels were fabricated by monks, so the scientific attitude towards Christianity should not be to seek the objective spiritual entities behind people's subjectivity, but to study the subjective intentions of those who fabricated Christian doctrines in history.

Not only religious history, but history in general is seen as the product of the creative activity of humanism, that is, "self-consciousness"

The "self-awareness" of individuals drives history

solipsism, extreme idealism

His thoughts marked the shift of German classical philosophy from idealism to materialism, from abstract speculative philosophy to perceptual philosophical anthropology, and directly inspired the sudden change of Marx and Engels from the Young Hegelians to practical materialism.

Hegel's philosophy is the culmination of all these fallacies

people

thinking and being

Emotional

reason

internal sensibility

relationships between people

Conflicts between the sexes

The function of human beings as "kind"

Although the history of human society has its material foundation in nature, it is itself a process of gradual awakening of consciousness (especially religious consciousness). For example, the true form of morality is rational egoism, and the country evolves with the rationalization of this egoism. Moving towards a democratic republic, religion will surely rise to a "religion of love" as each person moves from self-love to sexual love and extends to love for everyone. The entire history is nothing more than the history of the development of this kind of religion.

Abandoning the dynamic dialectics, there is no way to transition from nature to the realm of human society.

Marx and Engels commented: "When Feuerbach was a materialist, history was outside his field of vision; when he discussed history, he was not a materialist. In his case, materialism and history are completely separated from each other."

With his clear sense, he swept away the Hegelian "drunken speculation" (Engels' words) in one fell swoop, ended German classical idealism, and promoted a great transition to Marxist philosophy.

Feuerbach's anthropology and humanism thoughts have become an important source of ideas for modern philosophical anthropology and modern humanism, and the path of perceptual philosophy he opened up (to a large extent through Marx's improvement) has also provided The various trends of thought in modern philosophy that value the comprehensive richness of perceptual experience point out the direction.

Even the practical activities of a single person are of a social nature in nature. They not only have an impact on the development of society, but are also predicated on the accumulation of long-term development of human society.

Two aspects of human nature

Human sensibility is the affirmation of "the true ontological essence (nature)", so sensibility is not only the affirmation of natural objects, but also the affirmation of human beings themselves.

Man is the direct object of natural science; because for man the directly sensible nature is directly his sensibility (this is the same thing), and directly another person who exists sensibly for him; because he Only through another person can one's own sensibility be human sensibility to him.

In a perceptual sense, nature and people, matter and spirit, existence and thinking, object and subject are all the same.

People's alienated and negative sensibility due to private property

The difference between humans and animals - free and conscious life activities

Animals only build according to the scale and needs of the species to which they belong, but humans know how to produce according to the scale of any species, and know how to apply inner scales to objects everywhere; therefore, humans also build according to the laws of beauty. put up.

Perception becomes more and more one-sided and narrow, turning people's advantages towards animals into disadvantages

The full richness of human sensibility is replaced by the sole feeling of "ownership" of property

"Theses on Feuerbach"

"German Ideology"

"This activity, this continuous sensible labor and creation, this production, is the basis of the entire existing sensible world."

"The first premise of all history"

"Second fact"

"The third relationship"

It is not based on the subjective consciousness of idealism, nor on the abstract matter (Materie) of old materialism, but on the "material" (Materie) of perceptual activity, which is rich in realistic content.

Thoughts, concepts, and consciousness are only the products of people's "material activities", "material interactions", "material actions", etc., so consciousness can only be the existence that is realized at any time, and people's existence is their reality life process"

It is in this sense of "matter" (as perceptual "matter" as opposed to the "form" of consciousness) that matter determines spirit, and existence determines consciousness. In other words, "it is not consciousness that determines life, but life that determines consciousness."

Marx emphasized that the premise of this method of investigation is "flesh and blood", "people engaged in practical activities", "people who are in the real development process under certain conditions that can be observed through experience. As long as it is depicted Without this active life process, history is no longer a collection of dead facts, as those empiricists who themselves are still abstract believe, nor is it a collection of imaginary subjects, as idealists believe. Imagination activities."

Since practical materialism is practical, it must be historical

What is examined is the transformation of human practical activities from one state to another higher form as a perceptual development process. It is a life activity based on human freedom and consciousness, so it is creative, irreversible, and irreducible.

However, human history is a development process that constantly pursues a higher state of freedom. It will never be satisfied with obtaining a certain degree of freedom. Therefore, although there may be temporary "regression" in history, in the end it will not Returning to the original place is always preparing the conditions for a higher upward movement and accumulating energy.

The economic base determines the superstructure

Social existence determines social consciousness

The real activities of hundreds of millions of people pursuing their own free lives

The theory of contradictory dynamics between productivity and production relations

The deep driving force behind it—people’s perceptual practical activities and productive labor

Calling for people’s active initiative in real life and pointing to future practice

Going deep into the inner mechanism of alienation, we unearth the secrets of the operation of capitalist society and reveal its own contradictions and opportunities for self-sublation.

Although the form of capitalist alienation is so oppressive and destructive to people, its root still comes from people's pursuit of freedom. People freely make themselves unfree.

What is studied is actually not things, but people, the relationship between people and the essence of people, the "materialization" of people and the way of sublation of this materialization, so it is actually economics-philosophy

Self-denial, self-externalization or alienation, and the sublation of alienation, this is the "promoting principle and creative principle" of history, that is, the principle of freedom

One is from concrete to abstract

One is from abstract to concrete

"The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason"

"The World as Will and Representation"

"The World as Will and Representation"

"The Will to Power"

"The Birth of Tragedy"

"Untimely Thoughts"

"Human, Too Human"

"Thus Spoke Zarathustra"

"Beyond Good and Evil"

"Genealogy of Morality"

Heroism that actively engages in the world transforms the will to life into a "will to power"

The real meaning of this world lies in the will to power that pervades the universe. This is both the will to create and the will to destroy. It leads to the eternal reincarnation of all things.

Human reason and logic are the greatest constraints on the will. They use a set of metaphysical systems and conceptual speculations to make the mediocre feel at ease and the weak to be comforted, but they stifle the collision and explosion of the will to power.

Therefore, he advocated a "revaluation" of everything that mankind has achieved since entering the civilized era, breaking all self-deception and fiction, allowing mankind to return to the noble power of wildness, and elevate the now generally vulgarized mankind to " "Superman", that is, a strong man who is free from all pity, sympathy and sadness, and is not moved by words such as "liberty, equality, fraternity".

Dionysus, the god of wine, is the blind impulse of natural instincts, dedicated to fanatically creating and destroying, breaking all existing boundaries and pursuing the highest catharsis of vitality.

Apollo, the god of the sun, contemplates under the warm sunshine, dedicated to neutralizing the divergence of the power of Dionysus with dreamlike and beautiful images.

Superman is the winner in the contest of will to power. He stands out from the crowd without relying on any external help, only relying on himself. He is lonely, powerful, and spiritually noble. Ordinary people are only worthy of being his tools.

The purpose of human life is to strive to become a master and a superior person

Hegel's logical necessity is reasonable for analyzing the external objective world, but it cannot solve the fundamental problems of personal survival, such as loneliness, fear, melancholy, boredom, despair, choice and freedom, etc.

Hegel's main mistake was to use unity, wholeness and necessity to kill individuality, contingency and infinite possibilities, that is, to ignore the one-time and absurdity of human existence.

Hegel's system itself is nothing more than an accidental personal choice on his part as a philosopher.

Kierkegaard advocated shifting the standpoint of philosophy to the unique experience of the individual

"Aesthetic Stage"

"Ethical Stage"

"Religious Stage"

The "leap" in the three stages of life is determined by free choice in an instant in front of the possible opportunities of "either this or that"

This choice is not only arbitrary and irrational, but also serious and serious, even overwhelming.

True faith is a test of oneself. It is based on terror, manifested in "fear and trembling", and manifested in taking actions at the risk of eternal destruction.

"Empirical Philosophy Course"

"Empirical Political System"

Catechism on Positive Religion

It is advocated that science is omnipotent, and accurate observation and practical experience are the only means of science. The knowledge obtained thereby is empirical knowledge, which can not only examine the natural world, but also be used to examine human society, and its purpose is to improve society.

The history of science transcends materialism and idealism. It rejects all theology or metaphysics and explores knowledge that is useful to people.

In the history of human thought, people first used theological methods to explore the origin of all things. Later, they replaced theology with metaphysics, and finally entered the empirical stage.

“The basic nature of positive philosophy is to regard all phenomena as obeying some unchanging laws of nature. Accurately discovering these laws and reducing their number to the minimum is the goal of all our efforts, because we believe that exploration Those so-called initial causes or final causes are absolutely impossible and meaningless to us.”

Treat human social life as a science that can be precisely verified like natural science

Social statics explores the way social relationships are structured in general

Social dynamics explores the laws of social progress, that is, how to achieve the ideal of social harmony.

"Logical System"

"On Liberty"

"utilitarianism"

All knowledge is based on subjective experience and intuition, and it is impossible to obtain knowledge about the ontology of the world beyond experience.

Logic based on experience can guarantee the reality of the objects of experience even when feelings are sometimes absent.

Only induction can discover and prove new knowledge. Deductive knowledge is an incidental tool for induction and even an integral part of induction itself.

Seek common ground

Find a different method

Similarities and differences in usage

residual method

co-variation method

The ultimate cause of human society—individual self-interest, that is, consideration of the best interests of the individual

It is human nature to seek pleasure and avoid pain, and it is also the standard of morality

The purpose of society is to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. In order to achieve this purpose, people should not only consider the quantity of happiness, but also the quality of happiness, that is, to elevate their utilitarianism to the spiritual level, and even altruism and self-sacrifice. as a way to achieve one's highest happiness

The relationship between people, between countries, and even between races was explained by him as a simple relationship between the weak and the strong in the biological world. Inferior humans must be eliminated, and the remaining ones are the superior races, which must serve as rulers. who