The concept of connection: connection refers to the mutual influence, mutual restriction and interaction between various elements within things and between things.

Characteristics of connection: ① Objectivity; ② Universality; ③ Diversity; ④ Conditionality

Methodological significance: The principle of the universal connection of things requires people to be good at analyzing the specific connections of things, establish the concept of integrity and openness, and examine the universal connections of things from the dynamic

The connotation of development: all forms of change are movement, and the basic trend of movement change is development

The essence of development: Development is a movement of progress and upward movement. The essence of development is the emergence of new things and the demise of old things. New things and old things: New things refer to things that are in line with the direction of history and have great future; old things refer to things that have lost historical inevitability and are becoming extinct.

Methodological significance: To adhere to the idea that the development of things is a process, we must look at problems from a historical perspective and regard all things as a process of change and development. We must not only understand their past, observe their present, but also foresee their future. future

The law of unity of opposites is also called the law of contradiction. Contradiction is the core concept of dialectics. Opposition and unity respectively embody the two basic attributes of contradiction. The opposite nature of contradiction is also called struggle, and the unified nature of contradiction is also called identity. The essence and core of the materialist dialectics system: the law of the unity of opposites This is because: the law of unity of opposites reveals the fundamental content of the universal connection of things and the internal driving force of change and development, and fundamentally answers the question of why things develop.

Principle of Contradiction 1: The principle of dialectical relationship between the identity and struggle of contradictions Methodology: Look at the problem "divided into two", inherit critically, extreme things must be reversed, good times and bad times depend on each other, the golden mean and harmony do not go to extremes

Principle of Contradiction 2: The role of the identity and struggle of contradictions in the development of things Methodology: reverse thinking, reverse thinking

Principle Three of Contradiction: The Principle of Dialectical Relationship between the Universality and Particularity of Contradiction Methodology: concrete analysis of specific problems, drawing inferences from one example, prescribing the right medicine, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, tailoring services to suit the situation, and adapting Marxism to China

Principle 4 of Contradiction: The Principle of Unbalanced Development of Contradictions Methodology: Combining "two-point theory" and "key point theory" to grasp the key points and look at the mainstream

Quantitative change: Quantitative change is the increase or decrease in the quantity of things and the change in the arrangement of the constituent elements. It is an insignificant change that maintains the relative stability of the quality of things, and reflects the continuity of the gradual development process of things.

Qualitative change: Qualitative change is a fundamental change in the nature of things. It is a leap from one qualitative state to another. It embodies the gradual process of development of things and the interruption of continuity.

The dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change: Different from each other and related to each other. ① Quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change; ② Qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change; ③ Quantitative change and qualitative change are interpenetrated: on the one hand, there are staged and local partial qualitative changes in the overall quantitative change process; on the other hand, in the qualitative change process, There is also the quantitative contraction of the old quality and the quantitative expansion of the new quality. The law of quantitative change and qualitative change reflects the unity of gradualness and leap in the development of things.

The methodology of the dialectical relationship between quantitative and qualitative changes: On the one hand, when the development of things is in the stage of quantitative change, we must do our daily work in a down-to-earth manner and prepare for major changes in the future; on the other hand, when qualitative changes come, we must seize the opportunity decisively and seize the opportunity to promote Qualitative change brings work to a new level

Positive and negative factors in the development of things: Positive factors are factors that maintain the existence of existing things, while negative factors are factors that promote the demise of existing things.

The law of negation of negation: The dialectical development process of things undergoes the first negation, allowing the contradiction to be initially resolved. However, things in the negation stage are still one-sided and need to be negated again, that is, negation of negation, to achieve the unity of opposites and fundamentally resolve the contradiction. The dialectical development of things goes through two negations and three stages, namely "affirmation, negation, negation of negation", forming a cycle; the negation stage of negation seems to be a "return" to the original starting point, but this is at a higher stage. The "reply" is the result of "sublation". The development of things is cyclical, and the infinite alternation between the previous cycle and the next cycle makes the development of things show a general trend of wave-like advancement or spiral upward. The law of negation reveals the unity of progress and twists and turns in the development of things

Methodology: Guide people to correctly understand the twists and turns and progress of the development of things. The development of things is the unity of progress and twists and turns. We must be good at discerning various possibilities in the development of things, fully estimate the difficulties and twists and turns, withstand the test of difficulties and setbacks, strengthen our confidence, overcome difficulties, and open up new opportunities for progress. the way

Content and form are a pair of categories that reflect things in terms of their constituent elements and modes of expression.

Content refers to the sum of all the elements that make up a thing and is the basis for the existence of a thing; form refers to the structure that unifies the elements or the way to express the content.

relation: ① Interdependent and inseparable. The content of anything has a certain form, and every form also has a certain content. There is no empty form without content, and there is no pure content without form. ② Interaction and mutual influence. Content determines form, and form reacts on content. When the form is suitable for the content, it plays a positive role in promoting the development of the content; when the form is not suitable for the content, it plays a negative role in hindering the development of the content.

Phenomenon and essence are a pair of categories that reveal the external manifestations and internal connections of objective things

Phenomenon is the external connection and surface characteristics of things, the external manifestation of the essence of things, which people can perceive through the senses Essence is the internal connection and fundamental nature of things, which can only be grasped through rational thinking.

relation: ① Mutual distinction: phenomena are individual and specific, while essence is general and universal; phenomena are changeable and perishable, while essence is relatively stable; phenomena are vivid and rich, while essence is relatively profound and simple. Phenomenons can be divided into truth and illusion, and illusion and illusion are not the same thing; ② Interconnection and interdependence (unity): Any essence is expressed through phenomena, and there is no essence that does not appear as a phenomenon; any phenomenon expresses the essence from a certain aspect, and the phenomenon is the external manifestation of the essence, even if it is an illusion. essential expression

Cause and effect are a pair of categories that reveal the relationship between things causing and being caused.

The phenomenon that causes a certain phenomenon is called a cause, and the phenomenon that is caused by a certain phenomenon is called a result.

relation: First, the distinction between cause and effect is both definite and indeterminate. Second, cause and effect interact, the cause produces the effect, and the effect in turn affects the cause, causing each other. Third, cause and effect are interpenetrated, the effect exists in the cause, and the cause is manifested in the effect. Fourth, the relationship between cause and effect is complex and diverse, including one cause and multiple effects, the same cause and different effects, one effect with multiple causes, different causes and the same effect, multiple causes and multiple effects, and compound cause and effect.

Necessity and chance are a pair of categories that reveal different trends in the creation, development and decline of things.

Inevitability refers to the inevitable and unshakable trend in the relationship and development of things; accidental refers to the relationship and development of things that is not certain to occur and may or may not appear. It may appear this way or that way. uncertain trend

relation: ① Mutual differences: different causes of production and formation; different forms of expression; different status and role in the development of things ② Mutual unity: necessity exists in chance, manifests itself through a large number of chances, and opens up a path for itself; chance hides necessity behind it, is governed by necessity, chance is the expression and supplement of necessity; necessity and chance exist under certain conditions can be converted into each other

Possibility and reality are a pair of categories that reflect the relationship between the past, present and future of things.

Possibility refers to the potential things in the development process of things, and refers to the various trends contained in things and indicating the future of their development; reality refers to the synthesis of actually existing things that are interconnected.

relation: ① Mutual difference: Possibility is not equal to reality, and reality is no longer possible. Reality is the objective existence of the moment, marking the current status of things; it may be the potential trend of things, marking the direction of development of things ② Mutual transformation: On the one hand, reality contains the future development direction and will continue to generate new possibilities; on the other hand, the possibility contains the factors and basis for development into reality. Once the subjective and objective conditions are mature, the possibility will be transformed into reality.