MindMap Gallery Cardiovascular Overview and Heart
This is a mind map about the overview of cardiovascular disease and the heart. It summarizes and organizes the knowledge points and covers all core contents, which is very convenient for everyone to learn. Suitable for exam review and preview to improve learning efficiency. Hurry up and collect it to learn together!
Edited at 2024-11-01 14:55:46This is a mind map about the annual work plan of the three pillars of human resources. The main contents include: strategic human resources planning, talent recruitment and allocation, employee performance management, employee training and development, employee relationships and communication, employee welfare and care, human resources information system construction, regulatory compliance and risk management, and organizational culture construction.
This is a mind map for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage in patients with hemodialysis. The annual incidence of acute cerebral hemorrhage in patients with hemodialysis is (3.0~10.3)/1000, and the main cause is hypertension. Compared with non-dialysis patients, the most common bleeding site is the basal ganglia area, accounting for 50% to 80%; but the bleeding volume is large and the prognosis is poor, and the mortality rate is 27% to 83%. Especially for patients with hematoma >50ml, hematoma enlarged or ventricular hemorrhage on the second day after onset, the prognosis is very poor.
The logic is clear and the content is rich, covering many aspects of the information technology field. Provides a clear framework and guidance for learning and improving information technology capabilities.
This is a mind map about the annual work plan of the three pillars of human resources. The main contents include: strategic human resources planning, talent recruitment and allocation, employee performance management, employee training and development, employee relationships and communication, employee welfare and care, human resources information system construction, regulatory compliance and risk management, and organizational culture construction.
This is a mind map for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage in patients with hemodialysis. The annual incidence of acute cerebral hemorrhage in patients with hemodialysis is (3.0~10.3)/1000, and the main cause is hypertension. Compared with non-dialysis patients, the most common bleeding site is the basal ganglia area, accounting for 50% to 80%; but the bleeding volume is large and the prognosis is poor, and the mortality rate is 27% to 83%. Especially for patients with hematoma >50ml, hematoma enlarged or ventricular hemorrhage on the second day after onset, the prognosis is very poor.
The logic is clear and the content is rich, covering many aspects of the information technology field. Provides a clear framework and guidance for learning and improving information technology capabilities.
Cardiovascular Overview and Heart
Cardiovascular Overview
Vascular system: a continuously closed system of tubes distributed throughout the body
composition
cardiovascular system
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins (blood)
material transport
lymphatic system
Lymphatic ducts, lymphoid tissue, lymphoid organs (lymph fluid)
Assists venous drainage of tissue fluid, venous auxiliary system, participates in body immunity
Function
Material transport (nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones, etc.)
Endocrine (myocardial cells, vascular endothelial cells, etc.)
Immune defense (filtering lymph fluid, participating in immune response, etc.)
cardiovascular system
artery
It is a centrifugal blood vessel, branch
The tube wall is thicker and has strong elasticity
Divided into large arteries (elastic arteries), medium arteries (muscular arteries), and small arteries (resistance vessels)
The thoracoabdominal and pelvic arteries have visceral and parietal branches
vein
It is a blood vessel returning to the heart, a branch
Compared with arteries of the same level, the wall is thinner, the lumen is larger, and the elasticity is less
Capillary
Connected between small arteries and veins
Features
The tube wall is thin and has high permeability
Large quantity and large capacity
Place of material exchange between blood vessels and tissues
Cornea, lens, vitreous body, tooth enamel, cartilage, hair and covering epithelium have no capillaries
blood circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Exhale carbon dioxide, inhale oxygen, complete gas exchange
small loop
systemic circulation
The oxygen-rich arterial blood nourishes the whole body and transports the metabolic products of various parts back to the new body.
big cycle
Vascular anastomosis and collateral circulation
Collateral circulation: Compensatory thickening when the main trunk is blocked, restoring blood flow and ensuring distal blood supply
Arteries and veins anastomose, found in fingertips, fingertips, lips, nose, external ear skin, genital erections, etc.
Anastomoses between veins: venous network, venous plexus
Heart
It is a hollow muscular organ that functions as a "power pump" in blood circulation.
The heart has 4 chambers. The left and right halves of the heart are not connected to each other. The atrium and ventricle on the same side are connected through the atrioventricular orifice.
There are valves at the inlet and outlet of the ventricle, which are open for forward flow and closed for reverse flow to ensure directional blood flow.
Location
In the mediastinum of the chest, surrounded by the pericardium, about 2/3 is on the left side of the midline and about 1/3 is on the right side of the midline.
The size is about the same as my fist
adjacent to
Anterior boundary: sternum body and 2nd to 6th costal cartilages
Posterior border: level with the 5th to 8th thoracic vertebrae
Above: Entering and exiting the cardiovascular and great vessels
Below: adjacent diaphragm
Both sides: connect the pericardium to the pleural cavity and lungs
During intracardiac injection, the needle is inserted into the fourth intercostal space on the left side of the sternum and the drug is injected into the right ventricle to avoid damage to the lungs and pleura.
heart shape
An inverted cone that is slightly flattened from front to back
apex: apex of heart
Towards the left front and lower part, formed by the left ventricle
bottom: bottom of heart
Two sides: sternocostal side and diaphragmatic side
Three edges: left, right, and lower edge
Sigou
coronal sulcus
Atria and Ventricles Boundary
interventricular groove
posterior interventricular groove
back room ditch
body surface projection
The left fifth intercostal space is 1~2cm medial to the left midclavicular line, or the left fifth intercostal space is 7~9cm away from the anterior midline
chambers of the heart
right atrium
The rightmost heart chamber
branch
Marked by external sulcus and internal ridge
Proper atrium (anterior): right atrial appendage, pectinate muscle
Vena cava sinus (posterior): has 3 entrances, 1 exit, and 1 fossa ovale
The entrance and exit points of the right atrium
3 entrances: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
Three outlets: right atrioventricular orifice, leading to the right ventricle
Medial wall: fossa ovale, where atrioventricular septal defects tend to occur
right ventricle
Bounded by the supraventricular ridge, the lumen is divided into two parts
outflow
The cavity surface is smooth and is called the cone or funnel of the artery.
Exit: pulmonary artery orifice, leading to the pulmonary artery
There is a pulmonary valve at the outlet to prevent blood from flowing backward
Semilunar nodules, pulmonary sinuses (anterior, left, and right sinuses)
inflow channel
Cavity surface is rough, fleshy column, also known as sinus
Entrance: Right atrioventricular orifice
focus structure
tricuspid valve complex
It is a general term for the tricuspid annulus, tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.
It is a whole in structure and function, ensuring the one-way flow of blood.
When the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid annulus shrinks and is pushed by blood, causing the tricuspid valve to close. At the same time, due to the contraction of the papillary muscles, the chordae tendineae pull to prevent the valve from turning into the atrium.
Malfunction of any of these structures will lead to changes in hemodynamics
Separate meat pillar (control rope)
Prevents overexpansion of the ventricles, which contain the right bundle branch and anterior papillary muscle vessels of the cardiac conduction system
left atrium
The most posterior chamber of the heart
branch
Anterior part: left atrial appendage, one of the common extracardiac surgical approaches
Posterior part, sinus of left atrium, smooth cavity surface
Entry: 4 pulmonary vein openings
Exit: left atrioventricular orifice, leading to the left ventricle
left ventricle
Bounded by the anterior mitral valve cusp, the inner cavity is divided into two parts
inflow channel
Rough cavity surface, called sinus
Entrance: Left atrioventricular orifice
Key Structure: Mitral Valve Complex
It is the general term for the mitral annulus, mitral valve, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.
It is a whole in structure and function, ensuring the one-way flow of blood.
When the left ventricle contracts, the mitral annulus shrinks and is pushed by blood, causing the mitral valve to close. At the same time, due to the contraction of the papillary muscles, the chordae tendineae pull to prevent the valve from turning into the left atrium.
Dysfunction of any of these structures can lead to changes in hemodynamics
outflow
The cavity surface is smooth, called the aortic vestibule
Exit: aortic orifice, leading to ascending artery
The outlet includes the aortic valve, aortic sinus, and the entrances of the left and right coronary arteries.
The structure of the heart
heart wall
endocardium
Folds into the cavity to form the heart valves
myocardium
The atrial and ventricular muscles are not connected, so they cannot contract synchronously
Epicardium
the visceral layer of the serosal layer of the pericardium
distance between hearts
room separation
Location: Between the left and right atria
Weak point: fossa ovale
Location: On the right side
Features: Remains of the closure of the foramen ovale during the embryonic period
Clinical significance: Prevalent sites of atrial septal defect
interventricular septum
Location: Between the left and right ventricles
branch
Muscle
As the main part, thicker
Composed of endocardium and myocardium
membrane part
Made up of two layers of endocardium
The most common site for ventricular septal defect
Bounded by the attachment edge of the diaphragmatic valve cusp, it is divided into the atrioventricular part and the interventricular part.
The fibrous scaffold of the heart, right fibrous triangle and left fibrous triangle
Plays a supporting and stabilizing role in myocardial exercise
heart conduction system
Composed of specially differentiated cardiomyocytes
Including sinoatrial node, interendocrine bundle, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, left and right bundle branches and Purkinje fiber network
The sinus node is located deep in the epicardium at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrial appendage and is the normal pacemaker of the heart.
The atrioventricular node is located on the lower part of the right side of the interatrial septum, on the endocardial cavity between the coronary sinus ostium and the right atrioventricular ostium.
The impulse received by the sinoatrial node is transmitted to the ventricle with a short delay (0.1 seconds) to ensure that the atrium and ventricle contract alternately.
The atrioventricular bundle travels forward along the posterior and lower edge of the septal septum, and is divided into left and right bundle branches at the upper edge of the muscular part of the ventricular septum.
An important channel that quickly transmits atrial excitement to the ventricles
Function: Generate and conduct impulses to maintain the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart
heart blood vessels
artery
left coronary artery
From the left sinus of the left artery
main branch
Anterior interventricular branch: descends along the anterior interventricular groove, and is distributed along the anterior wall of the left ventricle, a small part of the anterior wall of the right ventricle, and the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum.
Circumflex branch: travels left and posterior along the coronary sulcus to the diaphragm surface, and is distributed in the left atrium, left ventricular lateral wall, and posterior wall
right coronary artery
Right sinus of aorta
main branch
Posterior interventricular branch: descends along the posterior interventricular groove and anastomoses with the anterior interventricular branch
Right marginal branch, left ventricular posterior branch, conus arteriosus, etc.
Distributed in the right half of the heart, sinus node, atrioventricular node, and posterior 1/3 of the ventricular septum
Sinoatrial node blood supply: 40% left circumflex branch, 60% origin of right coronary artery
Atrioventricular nodal blood supply: 93% originates from the right coronary artery at the atrioventricular intersection, 7% originates from the left circumflex artery at the atrioventricular intersection
vein
coronary sinus
Is the main route of cardiac venous return
Located posteriorly of the coronary arteries, between the left atrium and left ventricle
The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium
branch
Great cardiac vein: accompanying the anterior interventricular branch
Cardiac vein: traveling with the posterior segment of time
small cardiac veins
pericardium
Cone-shaped fibroserosal sac at the base of the heart and the great blood vessels leading to and from the heart
Outer layer: fibrous pericardium
Inner layer: Serosal pericardium
Parietal layer: attached to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer: attached to the surface of the myocardium, the epicardium
Reduce friction, prevent cardiac overdistension, barrier
pericardial cavity
It is a closed gap formed by the visceral and wall layers of the serous pericardium turning and migrating to each other at the roots of the great blood vessels entering and exiting the heart.
There is a small amount of serous fluid in the cavity, which can reduce the friction between the viscera and the parietal pericardium during heartbeat.
The anterior inferior pericardial sinus is the lowest point in the upright position, and pericardial effusion often accumulates here. It is safer to perform pericardiocentesis at the left costal angle
Left and right ventricular boundaries