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psychological counseling
Psychological counseling, process, technology. Psychological counseling refers to the process of using psychological methods to provide psychological assistance to those who have problems with psychological adaptation and want to solve the problems.
Edited at 2024-11-01 06:36:26
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psychological counseling
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This is a mind map about the annual work plan of the three pillars of human resources. The main contents include: strategic human resources planning, talent recruitment and allocation, employee performance management, employee training and development, employee relationships and communication, employee welfare and care, human resources information system construction, regulatory compliance and risk management, and organizational culture construction.
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This is a mind map for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage in patients with hemodialysis. The annual incidence of acute cerebral hemorrhage in patients with hemodialysis is (3.0~10.3)/1000, and the main cause is hypertension. Compared with non-dialysis patients, the most common bleeding site is the basal ganglia area, accounting for 50% to 80%; but the bleeding volume is large and the prognosis is poor, and the mortality rate is 27% to 83%. Especially for patients with hematoma >50ml, hematoma enlarged or ventricular hemorrhage on the second day after onset, the prognosis is very poor.
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The logic is clear and the content is rich, covering many aspects of the information technology field. Provides a clear framework and guidance for learning and improving information technology capabilities.
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- Outline
psychological counseling
psychological counseling
deal with emotions
Adjust cognition
construct meaning
self worth
social value
Existence value
Diagnosis and classification of psychological problems
Distinguish between normal and abnormal psychology
mental health continuum
Classification basis
symptom insight
health-seeking behavior
Severity
time span
life impact
Whether to generalize
Typical psychological and behavioral symptoms
standardized distinction
medical standards
Anatomy/pathophysiology basics
Statistical standards
Psychometrics
Introspective Experience Criteria
Patient self-reflection experience
Observer's introspective experience
subjectivity
social adaptation standards
Maintain stable physiological and psychological activities
Adapt and transform the environment according to social needs
psychological distinction
The unity of subjective and objective worlds
insight
reality testing ability
inner coordination of mental activities
informed
Personality is relatively stable
Example
neurosis
Strong desire to seek medical treatment due to conflict and forced pain
Awareness of self-symptoms
mental illness
No desire to seek help
No reality testing ability
No awareness of self-symptoms
Psychological problem oriented
developmental and cognitive aspects
autism
autism
ADHD
special needs
learning orientation
learning difficulties
Dislike/refuse to study
emotional aspect
anxiety
force
Depression and self-harm
crisis
Behavioral orientation
Internet and game addiction
drug addiction
Oppositional and defiant behavior
Social adjustment/interpersonal relationship orientation
bullying
parent-child conflict
trauma and stress
child abuse
death and bereavement
intimacy
Marriage and Family
nature of problem
Initial reception procedure
Site preparation
Preparation
Relationship building is not about immediate problem solving
opening remarks
Hello, what specifically do you want to consult today? You can talk to me first.
Description of the nature of psychological counseling
Assist visitors to solve problems
Visitors are required to actively participate
Some problems cannot be solved in 1-2 conversations, sometimes there are twists and turns, and some problems are even difficult to solve perfectly.
Consultation content confirmed
Questions asked by visitors
Get it
Observed issues
In-depth exploration as a consulting goal
psychological assessment
①Meeting content and direction control
Definition
Repeat the important content of the visitor's words and ask the next question based on this
interrupt
Emotional and confused thinking
Pass tissues/pour water/abdominal breathing
emotional reflex
Consciously stimulate the visitor to turn to a certain type of problem, and do not use it for the first time
guide
The current topic leads to another topic
subtopic
Problem classification
nature/degree
End the meeting
No diagnosis has been made yet
A diagnosis has been made, but treatment options have not yet been discussed
Physical Illness/Psychiatric Illness Referrals
Establish a consulting relationship
respect
meaning
Neutral, non-critical attitude
know/know
effect
A safe and warm atmosphere encourages openness and maximum expression
Be respected, understood, accepted, and gain a sense of self-worth
Create a sense of trust, strengthen consultation motivation, and increase initiative and consciousness
Stimulate self-esteem and self-confidence, develop potential, and generate power for change
Respect means unconditional acceptance
Accept content
Positive, bright, correct/negative, dark, wrong
Same as myself/different from myself
Like/dislike/dislike
Values/lifestyle/cognition/emotions/behavior/character
accept everything
respect means trust
Trust has a subjective desire to solve problems
I believe he wants to solve his psychological problems, but there will be conflicts due to his mental abilities.
I believe that he can eventually solve his psychological problems through his own efforts, self-regulation and development.
Respect means equality/courtesy/protection of privacy/sincerity
enthusiasm
Summary/assign homework/notify matters needing attention/appropriate encouragement
sincere
Follow the principle of being responsible for the person seeking help and conducive to the growth of the person seeking help.
Sincerity does not mean telling the truth
Be sincere and avoid venting yourself
Example
An average-looking client asked a counselor to rate his appearance.
It is true that many boys' criteria for choosing a mate is beauty, but it is not the only criterion. For example, if you are a school beauty, but you are lazy and make trouble, I will not marry you; if you are as beautiful as a fairy, but you are messy and flirtatious, I will not marry you either.
Empathy
empathy
The counselor’s understanding and experience of the client’s inner world
Experience his emotions and thoughts through his words and deeds
With the help of knowledge and experience, grasp the connection between their experience and personality, and understand the essence of their psychology and problems
convey empathy to the other party
See the problem from the visitor’s perspective
The time to express empathy
After expressing a question and its corresponding emotion
Example
You clearly know that there is nothing wrong with this kind of contact, but you just can't help yourself to worry, and you feel very annoyed.
It’s understandable that you’re scared because your friend is having sex. I think anyone else would be scared too.
active attention
positive/positive attention
See inner motivation and positive side
Help visitors to actively pay attention to themselves, see their strengths and weaknesses, and explore their potential and resources
Use of body language
talks
Attitudes and Principles
Listening is more important than speaking
Express concern/concern/be accepted
Non-judgmental attitude and expression of understanding
Express a positive view on the regularity and inevitability of behaviors/emotions, and reservations about their social effects and consequences
It is completely understandable from a psychological point of view that you have such thoughts
No absolute conclusion can be drawn at the end of the talks
Conclusion: Sincere and polite
Task
distinguish and identify
thoughts/emotions/behaviors
Concrete key issues
Intake sex talks
Background information collection
General information
Demographic characteristics
Gender/age/current residence/educational level/occupation/income/ethnicity/religion/marriage
living conditions
Changes in residence/lifestyle
Marriage and family
Marital status
love style
Satisfaction
sex life
psychological compatibility
Major events and reasons
family status
family members
family division of labor
self family role
Major events and reasons
work situation
Attitude/interest/satisfaction/change and reasons
social interaction
social interest content
People with many/close contacts
People who ask for help and help
Interaction/Ethical Legal Responsibility
entertainment activities
Pleasurable activities and emotional experiences
self description
Advantages and disadvantages and language/tonality/expression when expressing
inner world
imagination
creativity
values
Enjoy life
social responsibility
spiritual life
ideals and actions
future view
hope for what happens next year
What do you hope will happen in 5-10 years?
Reasons and basis for judgment of future events
Whether the key points and key points are captured in the actual situation
Compilation of growth history
infancy
perinatal period
mode of birth
Mother's condition
childhood
physical condition
Parenting Style/Schooling
Parental emotions and parent-child relationship
major special events
adolescence
physical condition
Are there any setbacks in family/school/social education?
companionship
The most proud/the most shameful thing
The experience and treatment of sexual arousal
major special events
adolescence
marriage love
most admired person
favorite book
Friends and status
Professional/Ethical/Legal Awareness
academic setbacks
Major changes and comments
Psychological-Physiological-Social
psychology
cognition
sense perception
Pay attention to quality
memory
thinking
mood/emotion
act of will
self-control
Practice what you preach
Personality integrity/stability
physiological
Is there any abnormality in the body?
social function
work study
social interaction
family life
Couple/parent-child
②How to ask questions
Questioning principles
③Interpretation/meaning of data
Verify data reliability
Additional questions
Psychometrics
Same information from different sources
Observe behavior and explore why
deviating from normal standards
Prominent/prominent events
Analyze signs
suicide
I feel deeply guilty for having done something extremely bad.
There was great inner conflict, and he committed suicide to resolve the pain caused by the conflict.
Turn your hatred towards others towards yourself
Hopes of asking others for support are dashed
Understand past medical history
Diagnosis and treatment available
Psychiatric consultation
drug treatment
psychological counseling
Effect
Reason for treatment at that time
somatic
psychological
④Evaluation
physiological
psychology
cognition
emotions and motivations
behavior pattern
psychological characteristics
ability
Personality
society
Symptoms and possible causes
subconscious conflict
childhood complex
Psychoanalysis
irrational cognition
cognitive behavior
Develop consulting plan
Get to know your visitors better
Get to know your visitors
Demographic characteristics
cognition
mood
Behavior
personality traits
Discussion questions
5W1H analysis method
What's up (WAHT)
What happened to the seeker?
WHY
Why did it happen?
direct cause/indirect cause
Surface reasons/deep reasons
WHO(WHO)
Who is related to the incident?
spouse
family
Colleagues/Neighbors/Friends
WHEN
specific time
time limit
childhood/present
Number of occurrences
WHERE)
Place
The scene that happened
How (HOW)
how things evolved
cognitive thoughts
How did you understand this matter at the time?
emotional response
What were your emotions at that time?
behavioral response
What did you do then?
Is it supported?
What did parents do?
changes today
Nature and characteristics of the problem
From easy to difficult
From shallow to deep
From general to special
Problem cause/severity/duration
Analyze the cause of the problem
Psychological-Physiological-Social
psychology
cognition
sense perception
Pay attention to quality
memory
thinking
mood/emotion
act of will
self-control
Practice what you preach
Personality integrity/stability
physiological factors
Is there any abnormality in the body?
social factors
Agree on consultation goals
Characteristics of the consulting target
psychology category
cognition
mood
Behavior
personality
Positive and in line with development needs
multi-level unified
feasible
mutually acceptable
specific and quantifiable
evaluable
cognitive changes
emotion regulation
behavior change
Visitors’ subjective experience
Psychometrics
How to agree on consulting goals
specific goals
cognitive adjustment goals
emotional goals
Reduction in pain/anxiety/depression etc.
behavioral goals
Reduced number of compulsive behaviors
interpersonal goals
Common misconceptions about counseling goals
remain completely neutral
Instill correct and healthy values
Make the client happy and satisfied as a goal
Set whether you can adapt to the environment as a consulting goal
endure/restrain/submit/accommodate
improve/adjust/overcome
Consulting goals of different schools
humanism
self-actualization
rogers
Be open to all experiences
Keep life full at all times
Trust your body’s feelings
Strong sense of freedom
highly creative
Maslow
good perception of reality
Be willing to accept nature, others and yourself
spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness
Be problem-centered rather than self-centered
A need for solitude and independence
Autonomous, independent of environmental and cultural tendencies
Maintain an appreciation for novelty
Have mysterious feelings and peak experiences
have social interests
have some deep friendships
Have democratic character structure
creative
refuse to obey
Have a strong sense of aesthetics
Have a sense of humor
behaviorism
Learn constructive behavioral change
Eliminate maladaptive behaviors
psychoanalytic school
Subconscious awareness
intellectual awareness
Reliving early experiences
Dealing with repressed conflicts
Restructure personality
ultimate goal
Promote mental health and development
Reach your full potential
Mature personality
Realize transfer of knowledge and skills
Agree on consultation plan
Stages of psychological counseling
diagnostic stage
content
build relationships
Collect information through ingestive interviews, observations, and measurements
effect
catharsis
gain respect, trust and understanding
Feeling like there is somewhere to turn to
Clarify issues and feel at ease
consultation stage
content
Adjust motivation for seeking help
Agree on consultation goals
Analyze and solve problems
Change maladaptive cognitions, emotions, and behaviors
Promote development and growth
Agree on consultation plan
Implement consulting plan
consolidation stage
after each consultation
summary
Operation
After the entire consultation is over
Develop consulting plan
Consulting objectives
Specific technical methods for consultation
Consulting assessment and methods
Rights, Responsibilities and Obligations of the Parties
Number of consultations and time schedule
1-2 times/week
time
individual
About 60 minutes
trauma
90min
family
90-120min
Consulting fee
Implement consulting plan
Inspiration and guidance
After identifying the problem, do not directly point out the problem
Enlighten and guide them to realize the problem
participatory technology
listen
Listening principle
unconditional acceptance
No or reduced judgment
Do not make judgments easily and follow whether it is conducive to consultation
Express the question completely before evaluating
Judgment needs to be convincing
You can ask or not, don’t ask or ask less
You can say it or not, say it less or not at all
Listen to what the person asking for help has to say
Listen to specific operations
listen carefully
listen attentively
listen actively
Motivation to solve problems
Problem-solving skills and resources
problem solving actions
direction and content
Symptoms
subjective cognition
mood/emotion
will and behavior
interpersonal communication
question
Severity
duration
Problem and problem-solving motivation and attitude
Cause analysis
personality traits
biological inheritance
social culture
family environment
early childhood experiences
school education
natural environment
self-regulation
Personality causes
cause and effect
Logical relationship
appropriate participation
verbal
Hmm/oh
Yes
really
Then what
Can you go into more detail?
nonverbal
nod
Ask a question
Question ideas
5W1H
WHEN/WHERE/WHO
The earliest time/the most impressive time
When/what occasion/who is likely to cause it to appear?
When did this first occur/what was the scene/who was involved?
Listen for common mistakes
Interrupt the seeker and make moral judgments
rush to conclusions
Belittle the client’s problem
way of thinking, cognitive model
Influence objective and rational evaluation of things
Distract and change the topic
thinking, judgment
clarify the problem
Improper use of counseling skills
Asking too many questions
Too many overviews
Excessive emotional reactions
WHAT
What was going through your mind at that time?
WHY
What do you think is the reason for your current problem?
HOW
How did it evolve?
Questioning method
open ended questions
how
Something involving the course, sequence, or emotion of events
what reason
Lead to discussion of the reasons
Are you willing/can you?
Promote self-analysis
closed questions
Use whenever possible
Nature of the problem and its impact
why question
Asking for reasons, implying wrong behavior/emotions
replace
how/what
Why did you miss the date?
Did something happen to you there?
Why are you fighting with Biren?
What did you do with someone?
Remove accusations, cut out excuses, and guide exploration
multiple choice questions
How do you feel, are you frustrated or angry?
Seems open, but is actually closed
Limited access to information
There is a problem
replace
How do you feel?
multiple questions
What do your parents think about this issue? What do you personally think about this issue?
Modifying rhetorical question
You only talk about students' poor learning, but what about the current level of teachers and school discipline?
blame questions
Why do you say that?
replace
What are the reasons to support this idea?
Now, what were you doing in the first place?
replace
What did you think about it at first?
interpretive issues
quantity and frequency
Negative effects of asking too many questions
create dependence
transfer of responsibility
Reduce self-exploration
produce inaccurate information
Being defensive due to being “interrogated”
Why
Why do you want
how could you
Not like that
Necessary summary and explanation of impact
encourage
selective attention
Repeat the direction you want to focus on
repeat
The visitor has questions/unreasonable/contradictory to common sense
Confirm/verify
concretize
The question is vague
Overgeneralization
Thinking with partial generalization
Individual-All
Once-forever/accidental-inevitable
past-present-future
Unclear concept
you mean
You said... could you be more specific?
What do you mean by
can you give an example
Content reaction
definition
Summarize, synthesize and organize the content stated by the visitor, and provide feedback to the TA
operate
Choose words that are representative, sensitive, and important to the visitor
effect
Assist the client to re-analyze the problem
Help clients make decisions more clearly
emotional response
definition
Summarize, synthesize and organize the emotions/emotions stated by the visitor, and provide feedback to TA
Time focuses on the present
The visitor's emotional words are a good clue to observe the visitor's perception of the surrounding environment.
Participatory Overview
Integration of content and emotional responses
Used for the end of a session/completion of a stage
Understanding and mastering non-verbal behavior
Verbal and nonverbal inconsistency
Judgment based on action groups combined with context
impact technology
Face quality
explain
Analyze content/issues theoretically
guide
Content expression
Put forward opinions and suggestions, convey information, provide advice, explanation, etc.
Example: If you could change your thinking, you might be able to do better than you are now.
subtopic
Impact Overview
咨询结束时
总结来访者问题、原因等
概述观点
emotional expression
Express one's own emotions and feelings towards the client
Example: I feel very distressed after hearing what happened to you.
self-opening
Exposing personal experiences relevant to what the client is talking about
concise
focus on visitors
Inform the visitor of his or her experience
non-verbal use
facial expression
eyebrows
gaze
in principle
Speakers pay less attention to each other than listeners
Willing to look at people who make you feel happy
Look at the opposite sex more than the same sex
looking at faces
Pressure due to too small range
The scope is too large and casual.
Pause, gaze present/absent
Look directly at the other person when speaking = indicates a pause and the other person can interrupt.
Pausing while speaking but not looking at the other person = the train of thought is still ongoing and you are thinking.
Listen/Speak Gaze
Watching while listening = expressing approval/interest
Watching while talking = I am sure of what I am talking about
Looking away after speaking a certain sentence or word = feeling guilty/doubtful
Listener glances at speaker/shakes head and frowns =disagree/doubt
Increase or decrease in gaze
increased eye contact
Being questioned/becoming defensive/aggressive/hostile towards other people's words and actions
not looking at
The counselor's questioning errors resulted in the client's disgust/uncomfortability/shyness
escape/conceal
Mouth
jaw
sound characteristics
tone
high
emphasize
mood
excited/excited/angry/surprised
Low
emphasize
mood
Doubtful/avoidant/sensitive/painful/sad/disappointed
speaking speed
quick
nervous/excited
slow
apathy/depression
pause
emphasize
ask
give opportunity to think
body language
hands/feet/body
spatial distance
suitable distance
About 1m
consultation stage
Big in the morning and small in the evening
Crisis/Emotional Counseling
shorten
Right angle/obtuse angle
Avoid stress caused by too much eye contact
clothing gait
Personality/economy/cultural accomplishment/aesthetic taste
How you feel when you visit
relaxation training
Practice frequency
Relaxation methods
Breathe and relax
nasal breathing
abdominal breathing
muscle relaxation
imagine relaxing
Applicable objects
People with strong imagination and easily suggestible
behavior modification
positive reinforcement
Identify positive reinforcers
Realistic and feasible
attractive enough
needed
like
willing to accept
target behavior
frequency
strength
duration
Constraints
Implement reinforcement
target behavior occurs
timely and appropriate
Target behavior occurs multiple times
Withdraw specific reinforcers
Intermittent reinforcement/mental reward replacement
Common Behavior Modification Methods
reinforcement method
positive reinforcement
Give the stimulation you like
negative reinforcement
Cancel punishment
punishment law
Give aversive stimuli
Withdrawal of enjoyment of positive reinforcers
extinction method
pay no attention to
Token Control Act
Promote adaptive behavior
rational emotive therapy
Factors that hinder customer service consultation
Factors affecting consultation effectiveness
consultant
Consulting concept
consultation attitude
Career philosophy
expression of humanity
personality traits
visitors
Consulting motivation
Cooperative attitude
level of expectation
level of understanding
self-awareness level
behavior
Response to psychological counseling
School of psychology
dynamic orientation
Psychoanalysis
Contemporary (new) psychoanalysis: object relations, Jungianism, etc.
relationship and experience orientation
Adlerian school
Gestalt School
existentialism
cognitive orientation
Reasoning, communication analysis or reality therapy
postmodern orientation
narrative therapy
focus solution
feminism
Summary of consulting ideas and techniques
Phenomenon
cognition
Biased cognition
Absolute
catastrophizing
perfect
Fixation
Hostile
mood/emotion
fear/anxiety
defense
Cause of the problem
human needs
be loved
recognized
be respected
Growing experience
Authoritarian parenting style
rely
self-centered
Weak ego
trauma
insecurity
Defense object
Finiteness
hope almighty
uncertainty
I hope there is a plan and order
die
Hope you will always be healthy
Lonely
Hope the relationship will be permanent and please
free
responsibility
Problem analysis
Processing ideas
cognition
mood
Behavior
Personality
Reduce anxiety
explain anxiety
cognitive adjustment
How to guide understanding of problems
Recognize compulsive behavior
You see, I just answered you and you asked the same question again
Because you are unsure, you always need to look for certainty from the outside world
Detection
consult
You may find that you need to repeat the test over and over again to gain some peace of mind, but it won't last long.
Understanding drug treatment
How long does it take to recover from a relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
1 year after first recurrence
2nd recurrence 3 years ago
3rd relapse for life
Growing experience
Authoritarian parenting style
rely
self-centered
Weak ego
trauma
insecurity
Defense object
Finiteness
hope almighty
uncertainty
I hope there is a plan and order
die
Hope you will always be healthy
Lonely
Hope the relationship will be permanent and please
free
responsibility
dialogue
Respond with what the other person mentioned
content response
circular question
therapeutic significance
The role of circular questioning
Circular questioning allows one to form a view on the logic of the rules of the game within the social system
Interpretation and analysis of patients' dreams have promoted the in-depth development of rich and colorful psychodynamic theories and methods.
Circular questioning promotes the in-depth development of theoretical and practical solutions for systemic therapy and counseling
Consultant's thoughts
How do symptoms occur?
They're also wondering, what's good for treatment? What is harmful?
Diagnosis and treatment history
Express
Why did you go to counseling/treatment before?
Purpose
Understand what has been done during the treatment process and what help it has had
Base conditions for starting new treatments
Things to note
Recognize what peers are doing as a starting point
Don't belittle
Otherwise, there will be inner conflicts about loyalty.
Referral method
Express
How did you learn about us?
Purpose
Understand motivations/expectations for consultation
focus on
People/Things/Things Mentioned
Ask about differences
When did alcoholism start?
Problem behavior onset time
What was the status of the previous exam?
When did you start getting nervous about exams?
Problem behavior onset time
advisory position
Neutral position: neither one nor
Multilateral alliances: both one and the other
treatment goals
Since a person's feelings and thoughts cannot be directly observed by the outside world, the therapist should ask questions about how the person behaves.
Goals can be changed
Provides a scale by which to check whether treatment is progressing
Develop a task-oriented therapeutic relationship that is time-limited
Explain/deconstruct and construct the positive power of negative thinking
Be evaluated and interpreted based on the behavior of family members In different ways, different rules of the game will be adopted within the family
Be evaluated and interpreted based on the behavior of family members In different ways, different rules of the game will be adopted within the family
When a person's behavior conflicts with family expectations Ernst drank because of nervousness and test anxiety
How did this behavior come about?
If illness is determined to be the cause, all faults and responsibilities for his actions will be written off.
If you want someone to escape fault and responsibility, just explain him or her as "sick" The "victims" of this irresistible force of disease need help.