MindMap Gallery heavy haul railway
This is a mind map about heavy-haul railways. The main contents include: Daqin Railway, dispatching centralized command, maintenance and repair, loading and unloading stations, synchronous control and remote control technology, braking technology, heavy-haul vehicle technology, heavy-haul locomotive technology, Basic engineering, heavy haul trains.
Edited at 2024-10-31 15:43:24Chronische Herzinsuffizienz ist nicht nur ein Problem der Geschwindigkeit der Herzfrequenz! Es wird durch die Abnahme der Myokardkontraktion und der diastolischen Funktion verursacht, was zu unzureichendem Herzzeitvolumen führt, was wiederum Staus im Lungenzirkulation und Stau der systemischen Zirkulation verursacht. Aus den Ursachen sind die pathophysiologischen Prozesse der Herzinsuffizienz für Kompensationsmechanismen komplex und vielfältig. Durch die Kontrolle von Ödemen, die Reduzierung der Vorder- und Nachlast des Herzens, die Verbesserung der Herzkomfortfunktion und die Verhinderung und Behandlung grundlegender Ursachen können wir auf diese Herausforderung effektiv reagieren. Nur durch das Verständnis der Mechanismen und klinischen Manifestationen von Herzinsuffizienz und Beherrschung der Präventions- und Behandlungsstrategien können wir die Herzgesundheit besser schützen.
Ischämie-Reperfusionsverletzung ist ein Phänomen, dass sich die Zellfunktion und Stoffwechselstörungen und strukturelle Schäden verschlimmern, nachdem Organe oder Gewebe die Blutversorgung wiederhergestellt werden. Zu den Hauptmechanismen gehören eine erhöhte Erzeugung des freien Radikals, die Kalziumüberladung sowie die Rolle von mikrovaskulären und Leukozyten. Das Herz und das Gehirn sind häufige beschädigte Organe, die sich als Veränderungen des Myokardstoffwechsels und ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen, verringerte Herzfunktion usw. manifestieren usw. umfassen die Entfernung von freien Radikalen, die Verringerung der Kalziumüberlastung, die Verbesserung des Stoffwechsels und die Kontrolle von Reperfusionsbedingungen, z.
Stress ist ein unspezifischer Schutzmechanismus, der im Körper unter interner und externer Umweltstimulation auftritt, aber übermäßiger Stress kann zu internen Umweltstörungen und -krankheiten führen. Die Stressreaktion beinhaltet mehrere Systeme wie neuroendokrine, zelluläre und körperliche Flüssigkeiten, und seine Hauptmanifestationen umfassen emotionale Reaktionen, Veränderungen der kognitiven Fähigkeiten und Veränderungen des sozialen Verhaltens. Übermäßige Konzentration von Katecholamin ist einer der Hauptmechanismen des Stresses, die körperliche Erkrankungen wie Herz -Kreislauf -Erkrankungen, Stressgeschwüre und psychische Probleme wie traumatische Belastungsstörungen verursachen können. Das Verständnis des Stadiums und des Aufprallmechanismus von Stress kann dazu beitragen, Stress besser zu bewältigen und die körperliche und psychische Gesundheit aufrechtzuerhalten.
Chronische Herzinsuffizienz ist nicht nur ein Problem der Geschwindigkeit der Herzfrequenz! Es wird durch die Abnahme der Myokardkontraktion und der diastolischen Funktion verursacht, was zu unzureichendem Herzzeitvolumen führt, was wiederum Staus im Lungenzirkulation und Stau der systemischen Zirkulation verursacht. Aus den Ursachen sind die pathophysiologischen Prozesse der Herzinsuffizienz für Kompensationsmechanismen komplex und vielfältig. Durch die Kontrolle von Ödemen, die Reduzierung der Vorder- und Nachlast des Herzens, die Verbesserung der Herzkomfortfunktion und die Verhinderung und Behandlung grundlegender Ursachen können wir auf diese Herausforderung effektiv reagieren. Nur durch das Verständnis der Mechanismen und klinischen Manifestationen von Herzinsuffizienz und Beherrschung der Präventions- und Behandlungsstrategien können wir die Herzgesundheit besser schützen.
Ischämie-Reperfusionsverletzung ist ein Phänomen, dass sich die Zellfunktion und Stoffwechselstörungen und strukturelle Schäden verschlimmern, nachdem Organe oder Gewebe die Blutversorgung wiederhergestellt werden. Zu den Hauptmechanismen gehören eine erhöhte Erzeugung des freien Radikals, die Kalziumüberladung sowie die Rolle von mikrovaskulären und Leukozyten. Das Herz und das Gehirn sind häufige beschädigte Organe, die sich als Veränderungen des Myokardstoffwechsels und ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen, verringerte Herzfunktion usw. manifestieren usw. umfassen die Entfernung von freien Radikalen, die Verringerung der Kalziumüberlastung, die Verbesserung des Stoffwechsels und die Kontrolle von Reperfusionsbedingungen, z.
Stress ist ein unspezifischer Schutzmechanismus, der im Körper unter interner und externer Umweltstimulation auftritt, aber übermäßiger Stress kann zu internen Umweltstörungen und -krankheiten führen. Die Stressreaktion beinhaltet mehrere Systeme wie neuroendokrine, zelluläre und körperliche Flüssigkeiten, und seine Hauptmanifestationen umfassen emotionale Reaktionen, Veränderungen der kognitiven Fähigkeiten und Veränderungen des sozialen Verhaltens. Übermäßige Konzentration von Katecholamin ist einer der Hauptmechanismen des Stresses, die körperliche Erkrankungen wie Herz -Kreislauf -Erkrankungen, Stressgeschwüre und psychische Probleme wie traumatische Belastungsstörungen verursachen können. Das Verständnis des Stadiums und des Aufprallmechanismus von Stress kann dazu beitragen, Stress besser zu bewältigen und die körperliche und psychische Gesundheit aufrechtzuerhalten.
heavy haul railway
Daqin Railway
my country's first double-track electrified heavy-haul railway was completed and opened to traffic in 1992. The starting point is located at Hanjialing Station on the North Tongpu Line. It is one of the main channels (Northern Channel) for the transportation of coal from the west to the east in China. The Daqin Railway adopts double-line electrified heavy-haul technology. Starting from March 2006, the Da-Qin Line was the first to operate a heavy-haul train.
Mainly manifested in
First, adopt a networked wireless synchronous control system
Second, realize the combination of 800MHz data radio and locomotive wireless synchronization control technology
Thirdly, the development and use of harmonious high-power locomotives, C80 aluminum alloy gondolas special for coal transportation with an axle load of 25 tons and a load capacity of 80 tons, and C80B stainless steel gondolas special for coal transportation.
Fourth, develop and adopt supporting technical equipment such as high-strength couplers and large-capacity elastic clay buffers
Fifth, we studied heavy-duty railway bridge and culvert reinforcement technology and technology to extend the service life of rails, developed new 75kg/m rails, and strengthened line bridge equipment.
Sixth, the Daqin Railway decentralized autonomous dispatching and centralized system (CTC) was developed to ensure transportation safety and improve transportation efficiency.
Seventh, develop and adopt a 5T vehicle operation safety monitoring system, using infrared temperature measurement, mechanical testing, acoustic diagnosis, image detection and other detection methods and information technology to conduct dynamic inspections of running vehicles to ensure safety and improve transportation efficiency.
Dispatch centralized command
definition
Utilize modern communication, computer, control, information and decision-making technologies to realize remote real-time monitoring, tracking, control and management of trains. Adopt an advanced dispatching centralized system to command traffic and realize the automation of traffic dispatching and commanding
TDCS
Utilizing modern means such as information technology, network technology, and control technology, a real-time, reliable and secure command network is formed by connecting the railway dispatching center and various stations through dedicated data channels.
The system is not highly intelligent, and the dispatch center only operates trains but does not shunt them, which results in frequent handover of control rights between the center and the station, reducing efficiency. At the same time, reliability is poor, and wireless communication methods cannot meet the increasingly heavy dispatch work. Require.
Decentralized autonomous dispatching centralized system (CTC)
CTC equipment is mainly composed of three parts: the dispatching center subsystem, the station subsystem, and the network subsystem between the dispatching center and stations, and between stations. Its main functions include train operation supervision, automatic tracking of train numbers, automatic collection of arrival and departure stations, Automatically draw the actual train operation diagram, automatically adjust the phase trip plan, and issue dispatching orders through the network.
Maintenance and repair
Heavy haul railway composition
Roadbed, track, bridge and tunnel buildings.
main work
This includes rail oiling, lubrication and grinding, turnout maintenance, replacement and replenishment of track bed ballast, roadbed, reinforcement and maintenance of bridges and tunnels, etc.
Road maintenance machinery
Overhaul machinery, repair machinery, inspect machinery and repair machinery. Specifically, it is divided into large screen cleaning machines and supporting maintenance machinery, rail grinding vehicles, rail flaw detection vehicles, track inspection vehicles and other road maintenance machinery, as well as line tamping vehicles, ballast cleaning and screening vehicles, line dynamic stabilization vehicles, and slope shaping vehicles. , switch tamping vehicles, line overhaul vehicles
Comprehensive inspection vehicle
The most advanced track inspection vehicle can not only detect tracks, but also detect power contact lines, signals, communications and other equipment
Maintenance method
Adopt a dynamic combination of detection, maintenance, repair and management methods. Different methods such as condition-based maintenance, skylight maintenance, and centralized maintenance are implemented.
loading and unloading station
Location
Loading stations are generally located in mines, and unloading points are generally located in port terminals, power plants and steel plants.
Loading method
One is loop loading and the other is through loading.
Configuration
Whether it is a loading station or an unloading station, in addition to loaders and unloaders, it also needs to be equipped with ancillary equipment such as electronic dynamic truck scales, storage pits, belt conveyors, transfer stations, storage yards, and storage silos.
Arrangement
The layout of the railway unloading station is similar to that of the loading station, except that the loading hopper is turned into an unloading machine or a dumper
Synchronous control and remote control technology
Locotrol system
principle
Locomotive synchronous control and remote control technology is to install the main control equipment on the front traction locomotive and install the controlled equipment on the rear locomotive. Currently, improved wireless remote control equipment is used on heavy-haul trains to control multiple locomotives synchronously.
heavy haul train
Threshold standards: the traction mass of each train is not less than 8,000 tons, the vehicle axle weight is not less than 27 tons, the length of the railway line is not less than 150 kilometers, and the annual freight volume is not less than 40 million tons. As long as two of the above three conditions are met.
Current situation: At present, the traction mass of each heavy-haul train has reached 10,000 tons to 20,000 tons, far exceeding the standards of the International Heavy-haul Transport Association.
organizational form
Unitized heavy-haul train: fixed rolling stock is combined into a transport unit, which runs cyclically between loading stations and other stations without disintegration and reorganization in the middle.
Integrated heavy-haul train: It is pulled by a locomotive or multiple locomotives hanging on the head. The trucks towed are also various, and they need to be disassembled and reorganized in the middle.
Combined heavy -duty trains: It is connected by the first and tail of similar cargo trains above the two rows to combine a whole column. Traction locomotive is located on the head and middle of the train.
Advantages and Disadvantages: The goods pulled by unitized heavy-haul trains are relatively simple and suitable for dedicated freight railways. For example, my country's Daqin Railway, a dedicated coal transportation line, operates a large number of unitized heavy-duty trains. The transportation organization of integrated and combined heavy-haul trains is relatively flexible and suitable for railways with tight transportation capacity. On ordinary railways other than the Daqin Railway, all heavy-haul freight trains are integrated and combined.
Basic engineering
Rail spacing (gauge)
Number of positive lines
Limit slope
Minimum curve radius
track structure
turnout
Sleepers and fasteners
Seamless line
roadbed
Heavy-duty locomotive technology
High power locomotive technology
Internal combustion and power
Electric transmission technology
It has experienced DC-DC transmission, AC-DC transmission, and finally realized AC-DC-AC transmission technology. The main advantages include simple motor structure, good locomotive adhesion performance, high power, sufficient traction, high reliability, convenient maintenance, high efficiency and utilization, good power performance, and powerful braking performance.
Radial bogie technology
A bogie is an integral component composed of two or more wheel pairs through special hooks, thereby supporting the car body and making it move forward on the track.
Heavy haul train network control technology
When it is mostly used for joint traction of multiple locomotives, important information such as network transfer locomotive joint control is used.
Heavy-duty locomotive fault telemetry monitoring technology
A full life service can be implemented on each locomotive, which greatly improves the use of locomotives and reduces the cost of the entire life cycle.
Heavy-duty locomotive wireless remote control control system
The wireless communication closed-loop control method is used to transmit commands and feedback information between the front and rear locomotives, thereby achieving real-time control of multiple locomotives.
Heavy-duty vehicle technology
Important parameters
Large tonnage, low self-weight coefficient, large linear meter load, low center of gravity, easy to load and unload quickly, reduce longitudinal impulse, strengthen the bearing capacity of longitudinal force, low dynamic effect bogie
Arrival and departure line
The length of the arrival and departure lines of our country's stations is generally 650, 850, 1050 meters, etc. The effective length of the arrival and departure lines of heavy-haul railway stations can reach 1700 meters or even 2800 meters. Therefore, the running length of heavy-haul trains must match the length of the station's arrival and departure lines. To increase the number of towing heavy-haul trains, it is necessary to lengthen the effective length of the arrival and departure lines of stations in this section.
Braking technology
principle
The principle of braking is to convert the motion energy of the vehicle into other forms of energy, thereby achieving the purpose of stopping the vehicle.
Friction braking (converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, often used in medium and low-speed railways)
Brake shoe braking
It is through the brake shoes arranged on both sides of the wheel that the wheel is held tightly to generate braking force.
disc brake
The brake disc is installed on the axle or the web of the wheel, and the brake shoes hold the brake disc tightly to slow down the train.
The advantage of disc brakes over brake shoe brakes is that the brake shoes act directly on the brake disc instead of the wheel itself, which reduces the wear of the brake shoes on the wheel.
Dynamic braking (conversion of kinetic energy into other energy)
Resistor braking
regenerative braking
The biggest difference between the two is that regenerative braking does not convert the generated current into heat energy, but feeds it back into the power supply system so that the power can be recycled. This is an ideal braking method.
If the entire train is not long, there is no problem with air braking
The train is too long
The latest use of electronically controlled air braking systems (ECP) on heavy-haul railways is that the biggest feature of this type of braking is that it uses electronic signals as the medium to accurately Control the braking of each vehicle.