MindMap Gallery Matter and its changes (Science)
The knowledge map of the first unit of science in Zhejiang Education Edition summarizes and organizes the knowledge points, covering all core contents, which is very convenient for everyone to learn. Suitable for exam review and preview to improve learning efficiency. Hurry up and collect it to learn together!
Edited at 2024-10-19 18:09:34Este modelo mostra a estrutura e a função do sistema reprodutivo na forma de um mapa mental. Ele apresenta os vários componentes dos órgãos genitais internos e externos e classifica o conhecimento claramente para ajudá -lo a se familiarizar com os principais pontos do conhecimento.
Este é um mapa mental sobre a interpretação e o resumo do e-book do campo de relacionamento, conteúdo principal: visão geral da interpretação da essência e visão geral do e-book do campo de relacionamento. "Campo de relacionamento" refere -se à complexa rede interpessoal na qual um indivíduo influencia outras pessoas através de comportamentos e atitudes específicos.
Este é um mapa mental sobre livros contábeis e registros contábeis.
Este modelo mostra a estrutura e a função do sistema reprodutivo na forma de um mapa mental. Ele apresenta os vários componentes dos órgãos genitais internos e externos e classifica o conhecimento claramente para ajudá -lo a se familiarizar com os principais pontos do conhecimento.
Este é um mapa mental sobre a interpretação e o resumo do e-book do campo de relacionamento, conteúdo principal: visão geral da interpretação da essência e visão geral do e-book do campo de relacionamento. "Campo de relacionamento" refere -se à complexa rede interpessoal na qual um indivíduo influencia outras pessoas através de comportamentos e atitudes específicos.
Este é um mapa mental sobre livros contábeis e registros contábeis.
Matter and its changes
material change
physical changes
No new substances are produced
wire bending
Gasoline evaporates
water freezes, ice melts
candle melted
chemical changes
New substances are produced
candle burning
steel rusty
Grain wine making
Gunpowder, car explosions, etc.
acid
Ionization produces hydrogen ions
Common acids
hydrochloric acid
use
Rust removal (ferric oxide)
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals (hydrochloric acid that helps digest human gastric juice)
sulfuric acid
Water absorbent can be used as desiccant and corrosive
Nitric acid
Volatile (produces nitrogen dioxide)
nature
Reacts with active metals: acid active metal = salt hydrogen
Active metals: magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, tin, lead
Reacts with metal oxides
React with base
React with salt
react with indicator
Make purple litmus reagent red
Phenolphthalein does not change color
base
Ionization produces hydroxide ions
Classification
soluble base
KOH
NaOH
Common names: caustic soda, fire soda, caustic soda
Dissolves in water and releases a lot of heat
It easily absorbs moisture in the air and deliquesces, so it needs to be sealed and stored.
Calcium hydroxide
Common names: slaked lime, slaked lime
Distinguished names: Calcium oxide (quicklime), calcium carbonate (limestone)
Calcium oxide water = calcium hydroxide
Barium hydroxide
Unsolved alkali
(Junior high school) Except for the above four, the rest are insoluble, such as iron hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, copper hydroxide
nature
Reaction with non-metal oxides: alkali non-metal oxide = salt water
reacts with acid
React with salt
react with indicator
Turn purple litmus reagent blue
Turn colorless phenolphthalein red
Neutralization reaction
The reaction between acid and base to form salt and water: hydrogen ion hydroxide ion = water (exothermic))
Other supplements
Ferric iron is yellow, divalent iron is light green
Copper ions are blue, copper element is purple, and copper oxide is black.
Sodium hydroxide, calcium oxide, and concentrated sulfuric acid dissolve in water and release heat
To determine whether there is coexistence or substance identification, first check whether there are any colored ions.
metathesis reaction
Reactants cation and cation exchange, anion and anion exchange
conditions for occurrence
There is water in the product
There is precipitation in the product
There is gas in the product
application
Determine whether the reaction can occur
Determine whether substances or ions coexist
Generated water cannot coexist
Generated gases cannot coexist
The formation of precipitates cannot coexist
Principles of separation and purification of substances
Remove the original magazine without introducing new impurities
Impurity removal reagents can only react with impurities and cannot be consumed to reduce the main ingredients.
Try to convert impurities into precipitates, gases and other easily separated substances
Inspection and identification of substances
Identification of acids
Use indicators or pH test paper
Reacts with more reactive metals to produce hydrogen
Identification of bases
Use indicators or pH test paper
Precipitates with metal ions such as copper ions, iron ions, aluminum ions, and magnesium ions.
Identification of carbonate ions
Adding acid solution produces carbon dioxide that turns clear limewater cloudy
Identification of chloride ions
Adding silver nitrate solution produces silver chloride precipitate
Identification of sulfate ions
Add a solution containing barium ions to produce barium sulfate precipitation
Identification of copper ions and iron ions
Reacts with alkaline solution to form corresponding precipitate
Identification of carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions
Heating: sodium bicarbonate produces sodium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide
Add calcium chloride solution: the white precipitate is sodium carbonate
Add a small amount of hydrochloric acid: sodium bicarbonate is what immediately generates carbon dioxide; sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid first generate sodium carbonate, and then there is insufficient hydrochloric acid to generate carbon dioxide.
material inference
Salt
Metal ion acid ion/ammonium ion = salt
common salt
NaCl
use
Prepare normal saline (0.9% NaCl)
food condiments
melt the snow on the road
Coarse salt purification
Instruments: glass rod, beaker, funnel
Function of glass rod: Stirring, accelerating dissolution; drainage, preventing liquid splashing
calcium carbonate
Common names: limestone, marble
Insoluble in water, soluble in acid
Neutral
sodium carbonate
Common names: soda, soda ash
alkaline
sodium bicarbonate
Common name: baking soda
alkaline
Usage: starter
Ammonium chloride
nature
React with metals
reacts with acid
React with base
React with salt
Must be soluble in water
Potassium salt, sodium salt, ammonium salt, nitrate
Five kinds of precipitation
Barium carbonate, barium sulfate, silver chloride, calcium carbonate, silver carbonate
fertilizer
How to use pH test paper
Things to note
Do not wet the pH test paper with water first
Do not immerse the pH test paper directly into the liquid to be tested
Keep the glass rod dry
pH value
Neutral solution pH=7
Acidic solution pH<7
Alkaline solution pH>7
Changes in adding water
There is no change in pH when water is added to neutral solution
Adding water to acidic solution increases pH
Adding water to alkaline solution reduces pH