Jacob, Boga, Vino

Brick, Eichenbaum, Schick, Thomas

To put it bluntly, it means focusing on the artistic form and technique of literary works, but not on the theme and meaning of the work.

Defamiliarization theory (art is technique) makes familiar things strange and novel, increases the difficulty of understanding, and prolongs the understanding process. The understanding process is an aesthetic process. For example, in advertising, a dog's perspective is used to describe products, and in literary writing, changing the narrative perspective is used. to describe

Effective communication of references to things and ideas in daily language, speaking in plain English is the main thing.

The language of poetry pays attention to its own texture, not the things and concepts represented by words, but to the beauty of language, literary talent and rhetoric.

Story, a sequence of events linked together causally

Plot, the artistic arrangement of events in a text, without sequence or causality

Speaking, a special type of discourse in which vocabulary and intonation guide the narrator's spoken language

Four Steps to Literary Agency

Oppose literature to reflect reality and focus on the artistic beauty of literature itself

Being too obsessed with artistic techniques, ignoring literary themes and criticism, and being too extreme in treating literary aesthetic characteristics

20 proposed, 3040 expanded, 4050 mainstream lost innovation

Detached from the reality of social background, only emphasizing the structure, context, words and rhetoric of the work itself

The fallacy of intention is that the meaning of the text exists in the language design of the literary work and is not in the original intention of the author. The core is to cancel the study of the author in literary criticism.

The emotional fallacy, the subjective reading effect of readers, and the emotional experience caused by the author have nothing to do with the author's own research.

Eliot's impersonal art is divorced from personal emotions and experiences and should reflect common human experiences and emotions.

Close reading method, a closed and detailed reading analysis of the work, and an objective and careful reading inspection of the text

Contextualism, the core issue of semantic analysis of New Criticism, the premise of New Criticism method, proposed by Richard

refer to

Vimpart, Bill's basic point, that the basic characteristic of poetry is the reconciliation of opposing elements, making them harmonious and unified, requires some form of objective organization of the objective meaning of words

Completely separated from the author and society, focusing on the context of literature itself

Personal thought is the center and source of all meaning

Gadamer's Truth and Method, developed from a reexamination of Dilthey's themes ~ object dualism, and Schreyer's

Emphasis on the central role of the subject in determining consciousness

The special name of material, the meaning of words, the meaning of expression, the goal of imagination

Roman Ingarten proposed that there are four levels of literary works. The first level is the phonetic level, which is the pronunciation of the text of the work. This is the most basic level. The second level is the meaning unit level, which is composed of words combined to express specific meanings. The third level is the layer of objects being expressed, which is the characters, scenes and other images depicted in the work. The fourth level is the schematic appearance layer, which is the rough picture and outline formed in the reader's mind based on the description of the work. Simply put, these four levels together constitute the feeling that a complete literary work gives readers.

Heidegger denied Husserl's objective view, developed the theory of situation, and applied it to literary theory, pointing out that literary works do not throw the completed and closed meaning to the world, but its meaning depends on the interpreter's situation. historical circumstances and changes in time and space

Phenomenological literary criticism is a critical method that analyzes literary works based on the reader's reading experience. It emphasizes that readers should eliminate preconceptions as much as possible, face the literary work itself directly, and feel and describe the phenomena presented in the work. For example, readers should pay attention to how the characters, plots, scenes, etc. in the work are directly presented in their consciousness, rather than judging based on previous concepts. This critical method focuses on the intuitive feeling and detailed description of the work to reveal the unique charm and significance of the work.

The suspension of one's naive conception of existence is the presentation of things to consciousness as pure phenomena

Summarize the cultural world into the life world formed by direct experience

Connect the self in the category of phenomena with the subject of transcendent experience to form a transcendental induction

By grasping what can be determined by experience, it forms the basis of a kind of knowledge so you can rely on it.

Reject the natural attitude and pursue certainty

Objects on the day of consciousness have a stable structure

Phenomenology is committed to constructing concrete worlds and research methods

Both authorial conditions and readers can be ignored, and the real goal is a completely inner reading of the text.

Language is only the expression of the inner meaning of the text

Find the author's mental structure in the text

Phenomenology's failed attempt at neutrality

Phenomenology believes that works have a stable archetypal structure

It does not pay attention to the historical background and emphasizes the understanding of the text within consciousness. The text is summarized as a manifestation of consciousness and a subjective idealistic criticism.

One is to deny the works they read and think that they deviate from tradition.

The second is to modify the original overall concept and summarize it into a new way of expression to adapt it to the work.

Both promote reader attitudes and reading behaviors and reflect criticism

Hermeneutics is of great significance to literary criticism. It makes critics understand that understanding of literary works is not fixed. Different people and different eras will have different interpretations of the same work. This encourages critics to analyze the work from multiple perspectives, taking into account factors such as the author's intentions, readers' feelings, and social culture. At the same time, hermeneutics also reminds critics that understanding a work is a process of continuous exploration and cannot simply give the only standard answer, thus making literary criticism richer and deeper.

The conflict between unconscious desires within the psyche and the forces that suppress them. The unconscious desires want to be released, while the suppressive forces try their best not to let them appear.

The distribution of mental energy or excitement, attachment to certain ideas, objects, different parts of the body, etc.

Divide psychological mechanisms into different subsystems based on spatial metaphors

To identify the image in the mirror as another child is to identify oneself as another child, to identify oneself as an image, to regard the fantasy of the situation as reality, to confuse reality and fiction, and to become obsessed with one's own mirror image.

Sexual psychology refers to the psychological state and psychological process related to sexual characteristics, sexual customs, and sexual behavior on the basis of sexual physiology, including the psychological state of marriage and love when interacting with others.

Refers to the universal human spirit that is inherited and retains the same type of experience accumulated in the deepest psychological level.

Look for readers, insightful readers, who can fully and thoroughly understand the author's every intention and meaning.

The form that a text presents to the reader is not determined by the text itself, but by the system of literary symbols that the reader uses conventionally.

Flaubert, structuralist poetics, tracing symbols, introduction to literary theory, etc.

Paradise Lost, Emphasis on the Reader, Trouble with the Principle of Self-Consumption Products, etc.

He believes that literature is an amazing feeling that eliminates the separation between the reader and the text, making the reader's response the focus of attention and determined by the reader's language and cultural abilities.

Reading and feeling, subjective criticism, etc.

Reading is the process of satisfying the reader's inner needs, one is the reader's spontaneous response to the text, and the other is the meaning the reader gives to the text. The latter is generally presented as an objective interpretation, derived from the reader's subjective response. The interpretation of the work must reflect the personality of the individual's subjective response.

Shakespeare's Imagination, the Dynamics of Literary Response, Five Readers of Reading, and More

People treat literature the same way they treat life experience

Works can only be completed by readers, and the task of criticism also needs to be redefined. The author of the work is no longer the main object of discussion, because the other person the reader encounters in reading is also the reader himself.

Uncertainty, the hidden reader, the act of reading

Represented by Iser, he determined the central position of the reader, believed that the reader has an important position in reading activities, and emphasized the central position of aesthetic experience.

The meaning of the work includes

Jauss’s vertical reception and horizontal reception can be understood as follows: Vertical reception is how we receive the same work when we see it at different points in time. For example, when you read a fairy tale book as a child, you may only see interesting stories and cute characters; when you read it as an adult, you may realize the life principles and social significance contained in it. This means that as time goes by, different stages have different understandings and feelings about the same work, just like changing along a vertical timeline, so it is called vertical acceptance. Horizontal reception refers to the reception of the same work by different people at the same time. Because everyone has different backgrounds, personalities, interests, etc., everyone may have different reactions when watching the same movie or reading the same book. Some people may find it wonderful, while others may find it average. This is the different acceptance states of different people on the same level, so it is called horizontal acceptance.

The meaning of the criticism can be understood as follows: It makes us realize that readers do not passively accept works, but actively play a role in the reading process. Just like when we read a book, each of us will understand the content of the book based on our own experiences, thoughts, and emotions. In this way, different people may have different feelings and interpretations of the same book. This method of criticism reminds the author not to create solely from his own perspective, but to take into account the reader's reaction. Because if the work cannot arouse readers' resonance and thinking, its value will be greatly reduced. For readers, reader reflection criticism makes us pay more attention to our subjective experience in reading and encourages us to boldly express our opinions on the work. At the same time, by communicating with others about different reactions to the same work, we can broaden our horizons and understand the work from more perspectives. Overall, reader reflection criticism makes reading richer and more meaningful, and it transforms readers from passive recipients to active participants.

The criticisms raised by readers can be understood as follows: First of all, because readers' reactions are very subjective, and different readers have different backgrounds, experiences, and values, their understanding of the same work may vary widely. This makes the evaluation of works lack a certain degree of objectivity and stability. For example, some people may find a novel exciting, while others may find it boring. It is difficult to have a unified standard to measure the quality of a work. Secondly, overemphasis on the reader's reaction may ignore the author's creative intention and the artistic value of the work itself. Sometimes the author may have a specific theme, style or technique that he wants to express when writing, but if he only focuses on the reader's feelings, these important aspects may be ignored. In addition, readers' reactions may also be affected by external factors such as current popular culture and social atmosphere, and may not truly reflect the essence of the work. For example, if a specific type of work is popular during a certain period, readers may give this type of work a higher evaluation because they follow the trend, rather than based on the quality of the work itself.

Viewpoint: Language is a system of symbols, composed of arbitrary and distinguishable symbols.

Language: language system

Speech: the sounds made by an individual, the words spoken

Signifier: something that can be spoken or written

Referent: mark what is thought of

The significance of Saussure's linguistic influence on structuralism

French cultural anthropologist who advocates differentiation theory, denies universalism, and analyzes phonemes into myths, rituals, and kinship relationships.

A famous French literary criticism theorist and one of the first critics to apply structural linguistics to literature.

Works on mythology, fashion systems

basic principles

clothing language

It is proposed to find a universal narrative grammar through semantic analysis of sentence structure.

The meaning of structuralism can be understood as follows: laws and systems In terms of understanding the world, structuralism is like providing us with a special pair of glasses. It allows us to see the structure and laws behind various phenomena, not just the chaos and disorder on the surface. For example, when learning a language, structuralism allows us to understand that language is not a bunch of random combinations of words and sentences, but has an inherent set of grammatical structures. By mastering this structure, we can better understand and use language. When studying culture, structuralism helps us discover underlying connections and common patterns between different cultural phenomena. For example, the myths and stories of different nations may have similar structures, which reflects certain commonalities in human thinking. For social sciences, structuralism allows us to analyze the systems, rules and other structural factors behind social phenomena, so as to better understand the operating mechanism of society. In short, structuralism allows us to understand the world in a more systematic and in-depth way, and provides us with new perspectives and methods for understanding various complex phenomena.

The limitations of structuralism can be understood this way: too rigid and dogmatic 1. Too much emphasis on structure and neglect of individuals Structuralism tends to focus on universal structures, which may ignore the uniqueness and creativity of individuals. It's like looking at a puzzle and only focusing on the overall pattern of the puzzle, while ignoring the unique shape and color of each piece. For example, when studying literary works, you may pay more attention to a certain literary structure embodied in the work, while ignoring the impact of the author's personal emotions, experiences, and creativity on the work. 2. It may lead to rigidity and dogma Because structuralism pursues definite structures and laws, it can sometimes become too rigid and dogmatic. It's like looking at everything according to a fixed template, lacking flexibility. For example, when analyzing social phenomena, if you only rely on an established structural model to explain it, you may ignore some special situations and changes, and fail to fully understand the diversity and complexity of society. 3. Difficulty explaining changes and developments Structuralism usually pays more attention to static structures and has relatively weak explanatory power for the changes and development of things. It is like seeing only the current form of a building, but it is difficult to explain how the building developed from the past to the present, and what it may become in the future. When studying fields such as history and culture, the constant changes and innovations in these fields may not be well explained. 4. Ignore subjective feelings and meanings Structuralism often focuses on objective structural analysis and may ignore people's subjective feelings and the meaning they give to things. For example, when appreciating a painting, one only analyzes the structure and color matching of the painting, while ignoring the viewer's emotional experience and personal understanding of the painting. This may make the understanding of things more cold and mechanical, lacking humanistic care.

Deconstruction can be understood this way: dismantling the various components of structuralism, questioning whether the tradition is absolutely correct, and re-examining Imagine you have a constructed tower of blocks. Deconstruction is to take apart this building block tower and see what is going on with each building block, why they can build this tower, and whether there are other ways to build it. In various fields, deconstruction is the dismantling and analysis of existing concepts, theories, and structures. For example, in literature, deconstruction may question traditional classifications of literary genres, fixed patterns of stories, authoritative status, etc. It does not believe that there is one absolute, only correct explanation or structure, but encourages viewing and interpretation from different perspectives. It emphasizes that nothing is fixed or permanent. Everything can be re-examined and recombined. It's like you can rearrange those building blocks into a completely different shape and give them new meaning. In short, deconstruction is a critical and creative way of thinking that challenges traditional concepts and structures and allows us to understand the world from a more open and diverse perspective.

The pragmatism of poststructuralism can be understood this way: to be flexible and not to follow traditional Poststructuralist pragmatism does not pursue absolute truth and fixed rules. It's like in life, we don't stick to a single method of doing things, but we adapt flexibly according to the specific situation. For example, when solving a problem, the traditional method may be to follow established steps and principles, but poststructuralist pragmatism will say that these steps and principles may not necessarily apply to all situations. We need to try different methods based on the actual characteristics of the problem to see which method is most effective. When looking at a point of view or theory, it is not to blindly accept it, but to analyze its practicality in specific situations. If a theory cannot solve a practical problem in a certain situation, don't be bound by it and find a more appropriate way. It emphasizes finding the most suitable way of action for the moment through practice and experimentation in an ever-changing reality, rather than relying on abstract, universally applicable ideas.

He gave up the pursuit of so-called science

Semiotic elements, he believed that the structuralist approach could explain all semiotic systems

The author's death marked his complete shift from structuralism to poststructuralism

The joy of text, the freedom and pleasure of good readers

The manuscript exists only in theory, Barthes alluding to the modernist text as an ideal text, like a galaxy of signifiers, without beginning or end, that can be understood in many ways, that can mobilize various codes, none of which is authoritative.

Reading text is a text that makes readers become consumers of a certain fixed meaning. This type of text is called a reader, a readable text. The readers themselves also form the text. The readers become the producers of meaning. Someone must write and produce

"S/Z" is an important work by Roland Barthes. In this book, Barthes conducts a detailed analysis of Balzac's novel "Sarrazin". It breaks the traditional way of text interpretation and no longer pursues a single fixed meaning. Barthes split the text into many small units and introduced multiple codes for analysis, showing the richness and ambiguity of the text's meaning. At the same time, it emphasizes the important role of readers in text interpretation. Readers are no longer passive recipients, but actively participate in the creation of text meaning. This book marks Barthes's transition from structuralism to poststructuralism.

Semantic codes are used to describe the meaning of

Symbolic code webs refer to ambiguous or reversible polar opposites, often used to represent sexual relationships or psychological analysis.

Interpretive codes are used in discourse puzzles or unclear meanings.

Code of action refers to the basic logical sequence of actions or behaviors

Cultural codes are references to various common knowledge formed by society, such as physics, medicine

Reading with these five code nets is like looking at a book with a multi-faceted magnifying glass. You can analyze and understand the works from different angles and discover the rich connotations and meanings hidden behind the words. This way of reading can make your reading experience more in-depth and interesting.

Writing is the root of language, not the sound that transmits spoken words

deconstruction center

deconstruct structure

deconstruct text

deconstructive reading

Written symbols can be repeated, even when the subject and recipient of the symbol are not present.

Written symbols can break out of their real context and can be read in different contexts regardless of the author's schematics.

Written symbols are separated in two senses, one is separated from other symbols in a specific symbolic relationship, the other is separated from the current referent, which can only refer to things that do not actually exist.

It refers to allowing the audience to watch a play without being integrated into the plot. It is a term specially coined by Brecht.

It makes people aware of themselves and their collective destiny and its impact

He enables people to give history its due evaluation and recognize the power potential of historical changes in reality.

He inspires people to use the power of knowledge and understand that knowledge work is not only a practice, but also relates to ethical and moral issues of power and knowledge, and affects the relationships between people and society.

In Foucault's History of Sexuality, Foucault proposed an analysis method of ethics and morality. Human morality is mainly used in the relationship between the self itself. How does an individual construct himself as a moral subject of personal behavior?

four aspects

On the one hand, by finding the common patterns of discourse, it explains the same-sex relationship between discourses.

On the other hand, he studies the relationship between discourse and non-discourse research fields, such as the relationship between customs and social economics and politics.

So far philosophers have only explained events in various ways, the point is to transform the world

It is not people’s consciousness that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their meaning.

A realist methodology developed by Lukács with great flexibility, emphasizing literature as the reflection of an unfolding system

Books, historical novels, studies of European realism, significance of contemporary realism

Hey, imagine you're watching a magic show. Usually, you will be attracted by the magic of magic, immersed in it, and feel that everything is so magical, you may even forget that it is just a performance. But Brecht's alienation effect is like when you are watching a magic trick, someone will remind you from time to time: "Hey, this is just a magic trick, don't take it too seriously." Its purpose is to break your A state of complete immersion that allows you to maintain a certain distance from the performance. It's the same thing in drama. If there is no alienation effect, the audience may be completely immersed in the plot, crying and laughing with the characters in the play, as if they are experiencing those things themselves. But with the alienation effect, the actor may suddenly jump out of the role and speak to the audience, or use some special performance methods to make the audience realize that this is just a play. What are the benefits of doing this? On the one hand, it allows the audience to think more rationally about the content of the drama. For example, in a play about a social problem, the audience will not just be carried away by emotion, but will stop and think about what the problem is and what the solution is. On the other hand, it can also make the audience less easily bound by traditional concepts and ways of thinking. Because the alienation effect breaks the usual viewing experience, making the audience more open to accept new ideas and perspectives. Simply put, Brecht's alienation effect is to keep the audience clear-headed when enjoying the drama, and not to be carried away by emotions, so that they can better understand and think about the message conveyed by the drama.

Writings on Modern Musicology

point of view, Adorno adheres to Hegel's dialectical point of view, believing that the development of things depends on the resolution of the inherent contradictions in a specific aspect of reality.

Artworks from the period of mechanical reproduction of works

structuralist marxist

Writings on the Sociology of Fiction

Based on the relationship between the superstructure and the economic base, he believes that literature and economic structure correspond to each other. Althusser emphasizes the constitutive nature of society, and society is a centerless structure.

The four levels of Fredric Jameson’s theoretical thought can be understood in a popular way: 1. Political and historical perspective: Imagine we are watching a very long historical documentary. Jameson's view of political history is like reminding us that every scene and every event in this documentary does not exist in isolation, they are all related to the larger political background. For example, when a revolution occurs in a country at a certain period, it is not just a group of people suddenly deciding to change the status quo. There may be various political factors at work behind it, such as economic problems, social conflicts, power struggles, etc. Therefore, this level allows us to think of the political and historical background behind anything when we look at it, and understand how things happened in a specific historical environment. 2. Social outlook: It's like observing the lives of people in a large community. The social perspective allows us to see that everyone's behavior and choices are affected by social structures and social relationships. For example, a person may choose to engage in a certain career not only because of personal interest, but also because of family background, educational opportunities, social needs and other factors. Jameson makes us understand that society is not a simple collection of isolated individuals, but a complex system of interconnections and mutual influences. All aspects of our lives, work, entertainment, etc. take place in this social system, and they are all restricted by social rules and social forces. 3. Cultural outlook: Culture is like a big garden with all kinds of flowers. Jameson's view of culture allows us to see that culture is not static, but is constantly developing and changing. Different cultural elements collide and merge with each other to form new cultural phenomena. For example, the current popular music, movies, literary works, etc. all reflect the cultural characteristics of the current society and people's thoughts and emotions. Moreover, culture is not purely artistic expression, it is also closely connected with political, economic and other factors. The cultural works of an era often reflect the social problems and people's demands of that era. 4. Text interpretation: When we read a book, watch a movie, or appreciate a painting, Jameson's level of textual interpretation is like providing us with a key that allows us to unlock the deeper meaning of these works. This level allows us not only to stay on the surface plot and beauty of the work, but to deeply analyze the language, symbols, structure and other elements in the work, revealing the hidden political, social and cultural significance behind the work. For example, the fate and choices of characters in a novel may reflect social contradictions and people's value conflicts in a specific historical period. Through in-depth interpretation of the text, we can better understand the message conveyed by the work, and we can also better understand the era and society we live in.

They are: the subject self, that is, the self-subject who actively experiences the world; the material self, the awareness of one's own body, external objects, etc.; the social self, including macro group belonging and microcosmic recognition of one's status in the group; psychological self , awareness of one's own intelligence, interests, personality and other psychological characteristics.

People working in the field of cultural practice cannot make their activities absolutely central

Cultural and political activities were closely integrated in the civil rights and women's movements

Communication media is forming a cultural industry

emerging working class writing

Western Marxism has had an important impact on methodology, dialectics and historical law. The following is a simple explanation for you: 1. Impact on methodology: Western Marxism has broadened the methodological approach to studying social issues. Traditional research methods may analyze problems from an economic perspective. Western Marxists, on the other hand, introduced more interdisciplinary approaches. For example, they will combine psychological methods to analyze people's psychological state and behavioral motivations in capitalist society. Just like if we want to understand why a person is always anxious, we must not only consider his financial situation, but also see whether his psychological needs are being met. They will also use cultural studies methods to explore how cultural phenomena in capitalist society affect people's thoughts and behaviors. For example, how cultural products such as advertising, movies, and music shape people’s values ​​and consumption concepts. This provides us with a richer and more comprehensive methodological toolbox for studying social issues. 2. Influence on dialectics: Western Marxists re-examined and developed dialectics. They no longer just regard dialectics as a simple law of the unity of opposites, but pay more attention to the critical and revolutionary nature of dialectics. They believe that dialectics should be a powerful tool that can reveal social contradictions and promote social change. For example, when analyzing problems in capitalist society, they will use dialectics to reveal the interrelationships of various contradictions in capitalist society.

The concept of goods

The concept of economic system

The cultural ideology of consumerism can be understood this way. It is like a voice that keeps nagging in your ears, constantly telling you: buy more things, and you will be happier, more successful, and more statusful. Under the influence of consumerism, people often feel that owning more goods, especially brand-name goods and fashion goods, means they are living a better life. For example, having the latest mobile phones, the trendiest clothes, and the most expensive bags makes you feel like you are at the pinnacle of your life. Consumerism also creates needs and makes you feel like you have to have certain things. For example, merchants will launch various new beauty products and tell you that you can become more beautiful with this; they will launch new electronic products and tell you that you will be more efficient with this. It also allows people to define their identity through consumption. What kind of things you buy represents the kind of person you are. For example, those who buy high-end sports equipment may be considered as people who love sports and pursue a healthy life; those who buy luxury goods may be considered as people with taste and wealth. Consumerist cultural ideology will also turn consumption into a form of entertainment and enjoyment. The mall is beautifully decorated, the shopping environment is comfortable, and various promotional activities make shopping feel as exciting as playing games. In short, the cultural ideology of consumerism encourages people to continue to consume and regard consumption as the core of life and the main way to pursue happiness. But in fact, many times we buy a lot of things, but we don’t really get happiness and satisfaction.

Postmodernism is like a big challenge to traditional concepts. In life, traditional concepts may tell us what is beautiful, what is right, what is a good lifestyle, etc. There are relatively fixed standards. But postmodernism says, no, these standards are not absolute. For example, in terms of beauty, tradition may believe that a painting must be realistic to be beautiful, but postmodernism believes that a messy graffiti can also be beautiful, because beauty is diverse and there is no unified standard. Postmodernism also does not believe in any absolute authority. Tradition may believe that what experts, teachers, and leaders say must be right, but postmodernism believes that everyone has his or her own opinion, and no one can be absolutely correct. Postmodernism has also made many things "fragmented". Unlike before when there was a complete story or theory, now there may be pieces here and there, without a clear main line, for you to piece together and understand on your own. In terms of consumption, postmodernism believes that we buy things not just for practicality, but more for the symbols and meanings represented by that thing. For example, buying a brand-name bag is not just to carry things, but also to show your identity and status. In general, postmodernism allows us to look at the world with a more open, pluralistic, and skeptical eye, and not to be bound by traditional concepts and authorities.

Modernity and postmodernity are like a pair of partners walking in front and back. In the modern era, people are full of desire for progress and the pursuit of rationality. We work hard to develop science and technology, believing that all problems can be solved through science and rationality, and a better world can be built. All kinds of grand plans and large-scale construction are constantly emerging, like an effort to build a solid edifice. Postmodernity is like the thinking partner walking behind modernity. It saw some of the problems brought about by modern development and began to reflect on those concepts that were considered absolutely correct. Postmodernism no longer blindly believes in reason and authority, but emphasizes plurality and relativity. It feels that there is not only one right answer to the world, but that different cultures and perspectives have their value. Postmodernity is like adding various colorful decorations to the modern building, or remodeling some places to make it richer and more complex. In general, postmodernity is developed on the basis of modernity, criticizing and supplementing some modern concepts and practices, allowing us to have a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the world.

A foundational work in postcolonial cultural studies, Said's "In Orientalism" focused on the role of cultural power and the impact of social language on intention and production.

The main argument is that although the strategies of this discourse have changed significantly over the past 200 years, in essence it has not developed because its central myth about the East has not changed, and that Eastern culture itself is a development that has been arrested. culture.

Reflects the value of three aspects

Basic theme: the relationship between knowledge and power.

contrapuntal reading

1. Describe Palestinian history to every public manipulated by the media because they know nothing about the truth about Palestine. 2. Reproduce Palestinian political aspirations, because when such aspirations are reproduced in the West, they are fundamentally distorted.

Palestinians, unlike Israelis, should recognize that their otherness is a concrete political reality that they must learn to accept

The Palestinian issue concerns all Palestinians, not just those living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. 3. The restoration of the homeland is absolutely necessary in order to reinforce the history of Palestine and raise awareness among its people.

One opinion is that environmentalism is currently the only plan that crosses national boundaries and transcends the opposition between colonization and colonization. In the face of the increasingly deteriorating living environment, various countries and nations can achieve true unity around the world for the common interests.

Another opinion is that today's environmental degradation is closely related to colonial rule. Although the former metropolitan countries and colonies are facing environmental problems today, the extent is very different. In the new globalized economy, developing countries still face environmental problems. We are suffering from ecological and environmental exploitation and oppression in developed countries, and there are still problems of inequality. We should have a clear understanding of the expansion of national environmental persecution.

The development and changes of postcolonial studies mainly include the following aspects: 1. Research perspective: - From text to reality: The early stage focused on the analysis of the cultural impact of colonialism in literature and cultural texts, and later turned to the focus on political, economic, social and other issues in the reality of post-colonial countries, as well as the study of the relationship between colonial history and current conditions. - From macro to micro: initially focusing on macro theoretical construction and discussion of the colonial system, cultural hegemony, etc., and then focusing on micro-level individual identity, psychological state, etc. in colonial and post-colonial contexts. 2. Research area: - From local to global: Initially concentrated in Asia, Africa, Latin America and other regions that were colonized by European powers, it later expanded to a global scale, including the former colonial countries themselves and some other regions with special colonial experiences, forming a global perspective. - Increased cross-regional comparisons: Scholars have begun to compare postcolonial experiences in different regions and analyze their commonalities and differences. 3. Theoretical methods: - Integration with other theories: Continuously integrate with theories such as feminism, Marxism, postmodernism, and ecocriticism to form new research directions such as postcolonial feminism. - Application of multidisciplinary methods: absorbing research methods from history, sociology, anthropology, political science and other disciplines to conduct in-depth research on post-colonial issues from different angles. 4. Emphasis on “decolonization”: - Conceptual deepening: from focusing on political and economic independence to emphasizing the elimination of the residual influence of colonialism at the cultural, ideological, and educational levels, and reshaping local culture and identity. - Practical exploration: Post-colonial countries and regions conduct practical exploration of "decolonization" in education, cultural policy, artistic creation, etc. 5. Understanding of the postcolonial subject: - Diversification of subjects: from focusing on colonized nations and groups to expanding to include immigrants, refugees, mixed-race people and other groups with complex identities. - Enhanced subject agency: Postcolonial subjects are no longer viewed simply as victims, but their agency and creativity in resisting colonialism and shaping their own identity and culture are emphasized.

The idea that women are imperfect men is a gender-biased misconception. Historically, this concept has existed for a long time due to the influence of patriarchal society. It places men in a superior position and believes that male qualities such as rationality, bravery, strength, etc. are standard and perfect, while women are regarded as lacking these qualities and are inferior and imperfect beings. However, this view is completely wrong. Women, like men, have their own unique values ​​and abilities. Women's qualities such as tenderness, delicacy, and empathy are equally important, and in many ways even surpass the qualities that are traditionally considered male strengths. Today, with the progress of society and the development of the feminist movement, this misconception is gradually being broken. People are increasingly aware of the importance of gender equality, respecting and recognizing women's contributions and achievements in various fields, and abandoning this outdated and unfair concept.

1. It defines the "feminine" stage, including intense, condensed and symbolic novels that use "innovative but hidden methods to dramatize the inner world", "all with realism", and "focus on women in families and communities" A broad social exploration of women's daily lives and women's values.

The "feminist" phase included the Victorian gender model, the emergence of socialist-style theories about women's relationship with work, class and family, and the "total war of the sexes".

The early self-exploration of the "woman" stage combines women's self-hatred and the withdrawal of women's rights. It extremes sex, causing women's feelings to shift from sacredness to self-destruction, and they are paradoxically unable to face the female body.

With different statuses, identities, and skin colors, conflicts and arguments often arise between them, making it difficult to form a united front.

From a female perspective, ecofeminism believes that there is a special connection between women and nature. Historically, women have often been responsible for nature-related activities, such as collecting, planting, etc., which has given women a more delicate feeling and understanding of nature. Ecofeminism points out that just as women are oppressed by men in society, nature has also been destroyed and plundered in the process of human development. This idea advocates breaking the dual oppression of women and nature by traditional patriarchal concepts. It criticizes the idea of ​​nature as a resource that can be conquered and exploited at will, arguing that this idea is interconnected with the oppression of women in patriarchal societies. Ecofeminism calls for the establishment of a more equal and harmonious social relationship, including equality between men and women and harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.

New Historicism opposes two forms of historical writing. Simply put, it is this: 1. Historical writing of grand narratives Traditional grand narrative history writing often tells a single, coherent historical story, as if history is a linear development process with clear directions and goals. For example, describe history as the rise of a great country, a heroic figure promoting social progress, etc. New Historicism opposes this kind of writing because it feels that such history is too simplistic and ignores the complexity and diversity of history. History is not determined by a few heroes or major events, but by the lives of countless ordinary people, various small events and different voices. Moreover, grand narratives often carry a certain set of values ​​and purposes, which may cover up some real situations that do not fit the narrative. 2. Objectivist historical writing Traditional objectivist historical writing claims to be able to restore the true nature of history completely objectively, recording what happened in the past like a camera. New Historicism says this is impossible. Because history is written by people, historians will inevitably be affected by their own opinions, values, and the background of the times when they select historical materials and interpret events. There is no absolutely objective history. All history is the result of human subjective choices and interpretations. Therefore, New Historicism opposes the idea that history can be presented completely objectively and emphasizes subjectivity and creativity in historical writing.

The criticisms of new historicists may have the following problems: 1. Relativistic tendency: New historicism emphasizes the textuality of history and the plurality of interpretations, which may lead to relativism to a certain extent. Because if history is entirely a textual construction and different interpretations are considered equally reasonable, then it will be difficult to determine an objective historical truth. This may obscure people's understanding of history and lack certain standards by which to judge different historical narratives. 2. Ignoring the objectivity of history: Although New Historicism emphasizes the textuality of history, it may go to the other extreme if it overemphasizes textual construction and ignores the objectivity of history. After all, history is made up of real events and human activities. Complete denial of the objectivity of history may cause historical research to lose its foundation and become pure subjective conjecture. 3. Difficulty in reaching consensus: Since New Historicism emphasizes multiple interpretations, different scholars may arrive at completely different historical interpretations based on their own positions and perspectives, which makes it difficult to reach a consensus in academic research. This can lead to confusion in scholarly communication, and can also confuse the general reader when faced with so many different interpretations of history. 4. May be politicized: The criticism of New Historicism is often closely integrated with political and social issues. Although this helps to reveal power relations and social inequality in history, it may also cause historical research to be influenced by political ideology. History may be used to serve specific political purposes and lose its due academic independence.

The main influences of New Historicism include the following points: In terms of academic research, it breaks the objectivity myth of traditional historical research, makes people realize that history is constructed, promotes the development of interdisciplinary research, and makes literary research and historical research more closely integrated. In the cultural field, New Historicism prompts people to re-examine traditional cultural works and historical events, explore marginalized voices and diverse perspectives that have been ignored, and enrich our understanding of history and culture. In terms of way of thinking, it encourages people to look at history and reality with a more open and critical attitude, not to blindly accept a single historical narrative, and cultivates people's questioning spirit and diverse thinking ability.

White's "Science of Culture" believes that culture refers to the unique order of phenomena and the order of things and events that rely on the application of thinking ability. This thinking ability is unique to humans and is called "symbolic representation."

White divided cultural phenomena into three systems: technical system, social system, and ideological system.

Symbols in culture are a way of using concrete things, images or behaviors to represent abstract ideas, emotions, values, etc. It is an important tool for cultural expression and inheritance. For example, specific colors may symbolize different emotions or meanings. Red often symbolizes celebration and auspiciousness in Chinese culture; animals can also become symbols, such as doves symbolizing peace. Symbols can unite the identity and values ​​of a group and help people understand and convey complex cultural connotations. Through long-term cultural accumulation and convention, it forms specific associations and meanings in people's minds, becoming a unique and expressive element in culture.

The cultural concept of composition: You can think of the cultural concept of composition as building blocks. Culture is like a big building built with different building blocks. These building blocks include language, customs, values, art, technology, and more. Each building block has its own unique function, and together they form a rich and colorful culture. For example, language is a tool for people to communicate, customs are how people behave on specific occasions, and values ​​determine what people think is good and what is bad. These different elements influence and interact with each other to form the culture of a specific group. Classical cultural concepts: Classical culture is like an ancient treasure chest. It contains the precious heritage left by the people of the past. These legacies may be beautiful poetry, moving music, exquisite paintings, profound philosophical thoughts, etc. Classical culture usually gives people a feeling of elegance, solemnity and depth. It has passed the test of time and is passed down and appreciated by generations. For example, Chinese classical poetry, such as the works of Li Bai and Du Fu, can still make us feel the emotions and wisdom of the ancients. Classical music, such as Beethoven and Mozart, has beautiful melodies and is intoxicating. Classical culture is a shining pearl in the long history of mankind. It carries the memory and value of the past.

Symbolic forms have the following characteristics: 1. Image concreteness: The symbolic form will be presented with the help of a specific image, thing or behavior. For example, pigeons are a specific animal image. In people's perception, pigeons often symbolize peace. These specific symbols can be directly perceived by people and are carriers of symbolic meaning. 2. Abstraction of meaning: The meaning represented by a symbol is usually a relatively abstract concept, thought, emotion or quality. For example, red in Chinese culture symbolizes abstract feelings such as joy, excitement, and auspiciousness. These abstract meanings cannot be directly seen or touched, but can be experienced and understood through concrete symbols. 3. Association guidance: Symbolic form can trigger people's association, allowing people to associate from the specific symbol to the abstract meaning behind it. When people see bamboo, they will think of the integrity, integrity and other qualities of a gentleman because of its straightness and knotty characteristics. This association is based on factors such as people's cognition, cultural background and experience. 4. Polysemy: The same symbolic form may have different meanings in different cultures, situations or personal understandings. For example, the crow is seen as a symbol of bad luck in some cultures, but in some cultures, the crow is regarded as a sacred bird with sacred significance. 5. Cultural convention: Many symbolic forms are formed based on cultural traditions and social customs, and are recognized and accepted by a wide range of groups. For example, in China, the dragon is the symbol of the Chinese nation. This symbolic meaning is formed through long-term historical and cultural inheritance and accumulation. 6. Implicitness: Symbolic forms do not directly state the abstract meaning to be expressed, but allow people to understand it through hints. This way of expression is relatively implicit and obscure, requiring people to think and interpret. For example, in some literary works, the author will describe a certain scene or thing to symbolize an emotion or thought, and readers need to analyze the text to understand the author's intention.

In cultural studies, there are some principles that can be understood in layman's terms. The first is the principle of pluralism. This means recognizing that cultures are diverse and not just looking at one culture or one perspective. Just like there are many different flavors of food in the world, you can't just like one kind, you must respect and appreciate various cultural characteristics. Second is the critical principle. We cannot blindly accept all cultural phenomena, we must think and analyze them. For example, when you see a popular cultural trend, you should think about why it is popular and whether there are any disadvantages. There is also the principle of relevance. We must understand that culture does not exist in isolation. It is connected with society, history, politics and other aspects. Just like a person's personality is related to his growth environment and family background, culture is also affected by various factors. Finally, there is the principle of participation. Don’t just watch the culture, but actively participate in it. You can contribute to the development of culture by appreciating art works and participating in cultural activities.

In cultural studies, collaborative network can be understood popularly as a network of mutual cooperation and mutual support. It's like a group of people doing one thing together. Everyone has their own division of labor and cooperate with each other. In the cultural field, there may be different roles such as scholars, artists, media people, and ordinary people. They jointly promote the development and evolution of culture through communication, cooperation, and mutual influence. For example, when the traditional culture of a place is revived, scholars conduct research and interpretation, artists present it through creation, media people promote it, and ordinary people actively participate and inherit it. The connections formed between these people can be regarded as a network of collaborative relationships. This network of relationships can make culture more colorful and pass on more dynamically.

In layman’s terms, Jameson’s three levels of interpretation in the practice of cultural studies are as follows: 1. Political level: understanding various texts as a symbol or allegory. This means that we should not just look at a cultural work or phenomenon from the surface, but dig deep into the political meaning and information hidden behind it. For example, a movie may tell a love story on the surface, but when interpreted from a political level, you may find that it contains hints or allusions to political issues such as social power structure and class differences. Just like some dystopian novels or movies, the seemingly fictional world setting is actually a critique and reflection on some of the shortcomings of the real political system. 2. Social level: Shift the focus to group relations and to the ideology implicit in the text. This is to analyze the relationships between different groups reflected in cultural phenomena and the ideologies behind them. For example, a popular fashion style is not just about dressing up, but also reflects the identity, values, and status and role of a specific group in society. At the same time, this fashion style was also affected by the mainstream ideology of the society at that time, which in turn may have a certain shaping effect on social ideology. 3. The level of human production mode: This is the most important level. We must start from the mode of production to interpret the logic behind cultural phenomena. At this level, culture is seen as closely related to economic production. For example, the production, dissemination and consumption process of a cultural product are all affected by the production methods and economic structure of the society at that time. Take advertising as an example. The production and dissemination of advertising is a cultural behavior, but behind it is driven by commercial interests and is a product of the capitalist mode of production. By analyzing the relationship between culture and production methods, we can gain a deeper understanding of the status and role of cultural phenomena in the entire socioeconomic system.

Cultural studies and literary studies are closely related but also different. relation: On the one hand, cultural studies provide new perspectives and methods for literary research. Cultural studies pay attention to various cultural phenomena such as society, politics, and economy, and examine literature in a broader cultural background, which helps to discover the neglected social significance and cultural value in literary works. For example, through the method of cultural studies, issues such as gender, race, class, etc. reflected in literary works can be analyzed to gain a deeper understanding of the connotation of the works. On the other hand, literary research also provides rich materials and cases for cultural research. Literature, as an important form of cultural expression, carries the values, ideas and aesthetic tastes of a specific era. Cultural studies can obtain information about social culture from literary works and use literary works as an entry point to explore broader cultural issues. different: In terms of research objects, literary studies mainly focus on the literary works themselves, including the language, structure, theme, characterization, etc. of the works; while cultural studies have a wider range of objects, including movies, television, advertising, fashion, pop music, etc. cultural phenomenon. In terms of research methods, literary research focuses on text analysis and uses literary theory to interpret works; cultural research uses an interdisciplinary approach, combining theories and methods from sociology, anthropology, psychology and other disciplines for research. In terms of research purposes, literary research aims to reveal the artistic value and aesthetic significance of literary works; cultural research pays more attention to the power relations, social inequality and cultural production and consumption processes behind cultural phenomena. In short, cultural studies and literary studies complement and promote each other, and jointly promote the development of the humanities.

Correct people's prejudices against homosexuality and show social power relations and inequality

Trying to construct a theory and use that theory to legitimize homosexuality

Women's Liberation in the 60s, Men's Liberation Movement in the 60s and 70s

1985, plug, between men 1995, Hal, becoming gay

Sexuality, homosexuality, feminist research derivatives

Queer theory generally refers to the field of gay and lesbian studies, as well as the study of other gender identities, sexual orientations, and behaviors that deviate from socially normative patterns (such as cross-dressing, bisexuality, and transsexualism). transsexuality, etc.).

explore all sexual activities

Opposing the binary division of men and women In the traditional concept of sex and gender, the strongest basis for the mechanism of heterosexuality lies in the relationship between biological sex (body), social gender (gender) and sexual desire (sexuality): our body determines gender, and Our gender, in turn, determines our sexual desire.

Oppose the binary distinction between "heterosexual" and "homosexual". Many queer activists no longer identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or even heterosexual, but simply refer to themselves as queer

Discussing the debate on sexual behavior categories

For a queer person, biological sex and gender do not have to coincide at all. Wear clothes of whichever gender you want; live the life of whichever gender you want; be whatever gender you want to be. There is absolutely no need to think that only by changing the primary sexual characteristics (sexual organs, reproductive organs) can one be qualified to be a certain gender. According to the ideal of queer theory, in a society where men do not oppress women and heterosexuals do not oppress homosexuals, sexual expression can follow feelings, and the categories of homosexuality and heterosexuality will eventually die out; the categories of men and women will also become Got to be blurry.

The core proposition of "Queer Theory" is that human gender is not just two extremes of "male/female", but a continuous spectrum. Each of us may be anywhere on this gender spectrum.

Global politics, technology, culture, and economy cooperate, exchange, and depend on each other

Global capitalist economic system (multinational corporations) dominates

Anthony World Relations Strengthen Marcy Social Outreach Mar geographical restrictions are retreating Roland The Condensation of the World Tom Globalization and culture at the center

Shrinking the Earth, social relationships are not limited by geography

Build factories in backward countries, use cheap labor in backward countries, and sell them to developed countries at high prices (production and sales of Apple mobile phones)

Expand the consumer market and accelerate economic globalization

The government uses policy funds to attract investment from enterprises or foreign capital. Strengthen management of corporate monopoly, but also relax management

The diffusion and invasion of culture imposes one country’s beliefs, values, capitalist production and life, and modernization on another country.

Shifting from the study of global literature and humanities to the study of contemporary popular culture

Applying literary theory tools to analyze policies and regulations

Divided by territory and borders

The Han nationality represents China. China has 56 ethnic groups. A single ethnic group cannot represent China.

Han people, Chinese

For example, Greece: Greece has rich ancient myths and legends, and these myths have shaped the Greek national identity to a certain extent. For example, heroic figures in ancient Greek mythology such as Hercules and Achilles are regarded as symbols of bravery and heroism of the Greek nation. The history, culture and national spirit of Greece are closely connected with these myths and have become an important source of national pride.

Identity politics can be generally understood as a phenomenon in which people fight for rights, express demands and participate in political activities based on their specific identities, such as race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, etc. For example, women may unite to fight for equal job opportunities, pay, and social status because of their gender identity; ethnic minorities may demand the elimination of racial discrimination and access to fair educational resources and social status based on their racial identity. Welfare.

Color discrimination, black people are regarded as an inferior race Racial discrimination, discrimination against Chinese people with yellow skin

Digital nation can be generally understood as a group of people gathered together in the digital age due to common digital technology usage habits, hobbies, or specific digital culture. It's like a small group formed because they all like to play the same video game, or a group of people who are all keen on sharing a certain type of video online. They communicate, interact and cooperate through the Internet, digital devices, etc., forming a group with unique cultural characteristics and behavioral patterns. These people may have their own digital language and digital etiquette, such as using specific terminology to communicate in games, or following certain interaction rules on social media. They find a sense of belonging in the digital world and work together to create and share digital culture.

Have intellectual vision, be inclusive and equal, and follow technology constitute a powerful social force that affects traditional politics and new democracy