Bronchial tubes (with cartilage)

small bronchi

Bronchioles

Pseudostratified or single-layer ciliated columnar epithelium

Cilia, wall goblet cells, mucus glands = mucus-ciliary drainage system

Less than 2μm enters the alveoli and is phagocytosed by macrophages

single layer ciliated columnar epithelium

No goblet cells

No glands and cartilage

3-5 terminal bronchioles and their branching alveoli

Between adjacent pulmonary lobules: interlobular veins, lymphatic vessels and fibrous tissue

Level 1 respiratory bronchioles within pulmonary lobules Distal lung tissue

Type 1 epithelium (95%)

Type 2 epithelium (5%)

On the alveolar walls, connecting adjacent alveoli

Cause

involve

People prone to hair loss

Features

Nature of the lesion

Predisposed areas

Course of disease (every 2 days)

Complications (rare)

Cause

Nature of the lesion

People prone to hair loss

belong

Predisposed areas

naked eye

under the mirror

Consolidation of both lungs, dark red surface, hemorrhage and necrosis

diffuse alveolar damage

Extensive transparent membrane formation in the alveolar space

visible inclusion bodies

Impaired respiratory mucus-ciliary drainage system

other

Increased number of bronchioles involved, causing fibrous thickening of the tube wall

Inflammation spreads to surrounding tissues, forming peribronchiolar inflammation

More common in left lower lobe of lung

Cylindrical or cystic dilation of bronchi, honeycombing of lungs (characteristic lesions)

Intraluminal purulent exudation of dilated bronchioles

bronchial wall thickening

Mucosal epithelial hyperplasia with squamous metaplasia

Bronchial structural damage and scar repair

Excessive inflation of the lungs

intraluminal mucus plug

Localized shedding of mucosal epithelium

Submucosal edema, mucous gland hyperplasia, increased goblet cells

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of smooth muscle of tube wall

Infiltration of eosinophils in all layers

Centrilobular emphysema (most common)

Perilobular emphysema

panalveolar emphysema

Strings of small bubbles appear in the alveolar septa

causing pulmonary hypertension

Caused by hypoxia

Amuscular arteriole muscularization

Muscular arteriole media hyperplasia

Collection of macrophages engulfing silica dust (primary)

Fibroblast proliferation within nodules, nodular fibrosis

Adjacent silicon nodules can fuse, and central ischemia and necrosis can lead to silicosis cavities.

early stage lesions

advanced disease

hilum

Intra-alveolar and interstitial edema

Massive exudation of cellulose in the alveoli

After type 2 epithelial injury, active substances are reduced, alveoli collapse, and a transparent membrane forms on the alveolar surface.

Division: Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Alveolar cavity proteinaceous exudate

It is not caused by cellulose leakage, but by protein deposition in blood cells.

Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (most common)

Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, keratinized beads)

alveolar cell carcinoma

Metastasis to: deep upper cervical lymph nodes

Destroys the bones at the base of the skull upward and into the skull, damaging the cranial nerves.

Invades the piriform recess, epiglottis and upper larynx downward

Lateral damage to the Eustachian tube such as the middle ear

forward to the nasal cavity or orbit

Destroys the upper cervical vertebrae and spinal cord backwards

Squamous cell carcinoma is mostly central lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma is mostly peripheral lung cancer

Small cell carcinoma (oat cell carcinoma)

adenosquamous carcinoma

carcinoid

early stage lung cancer

Latent lung cancer