1. Pessimism: Bad things happen because of your own fault, and they will last for a long time, turning your innocence into guilt.

2. Optimism: Failure is not your own fault, it is due to external reasons (environment, luck, others). Failure is temporary. Treat difficulties as challenges and work hard to overcome them.

3. The main theories of psychology shifted from environmental forces to personal forces in the late 1960s: expectations, preferences, choices, decision-making, control, and helplessness

4. Traditional views on the causes of achievement: ability, motivation

5. Learned helplessness: No matter how hard you try, it doesn’t help.

6. Explanatory style: your habitual way of explaining why something happened the way it did

1. Behaviorists believe that

2. Animals can learn that their behavior is unhelpful and they become passive and stop doing anything.

1. Explanatory style (permanence, universality, personification)

2. Pessimists’ explanations for failure

3. Blame others. This should only be done in one situation: when you are depressed.

1. At any time, about 1/4 of people are in this state of depression: when experiencing pain and loss, they become lazy, passive, and listless.

2. Depression

3. Depression is not only sadness, but also anxiety and irritability.

4. Reasons why patients with depression commit suicide

5. Emotional changes throughout the day

1. Stop thinking about what you did wrong or what was not good, but think about what was good.

2. The way women see things causes women to suffer from depression at twice the rate of men.

3. Cognitive therapy changes the pessimistic explanation style into an optimistic explanation style. The more cognitive therapy is used, the more complete the change to the optimistic style will be, and the more you turn to optimism, the farther away you will be from depression.

4. Pessimism-rumination connection

5. There are five strategies for cognitive therapy

1. Elements of success: ability, motivation, optimism (persistence)

2. The benefits of pessimism: recognize the truth of things and correctly judge control rights

3. Sometimes we have to admit that we have lost and change the direction of our efforts instead of looking for reasons to hold on to it.

4. A successful life requires optimism most of the time and occasional pessimism.

1. Girls are significantly more optimistic than boys before puberty.

2. When a child is 8 years old, his or her optimistic or pessimistic explanation style is basically finalized.

3. Children’s explanation style

4. Children’s explanation style factors

1. Vicious cycle: depression → pessimism → depression

2. Divorce or frequent quarrels between parents are the most likely events to cause depression in children, and many unfortunate experiences will continue to happen to children from divorced families.

3. Lose optimism. Intelligence in the traditional sense has little meaning for success.

1. Optimism can predict winning on the field, and pessimism can predict losing on the field.

2. Explanatory style comes into play when a team or individual is under pressure, such as after losing a game or in the final rounds.

1. Autonomy and control can prolong life, but helplessness can be fatal.

2. Having deep friendship and love is good for your health. Unmarried people are more likely to suffer from depression than married people

3. Depression and sadness will reduce the function of the immune system in the short term, while pessimism will suppress the immune function in the long term.

1. ABCDE mode

2. Change the pessimistic explanation style

3. If the cost of failure is high, then you should not be optimistic.

Thoughts are the most critical in the generation of emotions: when thoughts change, the emotional consequences also change

1. Improve your mood after your boss criticizes you

2. Rebuttal by substitution

3. When something bad happens, write down the thoughts that come to your mind at that time.

1. Public consciousness: views on country, gods, and family

2. Reasons for the prevalence of depression

3. Curb depression

4. Allocate time

5. Although self-first egotism is beneficial in the short term, it is harmful in the long term.

6. Seeing others suffering will make you sad. It is not the hopeless, dark and eternal sadness of depression, but a kind of compassionate sadness.

7. Serve the community and groups, find the meaning of life, avoid depression easily, and fill the emptiness in the soul.