MindMap Gallery Synthesis and release of neurotransmitters
The synthesis of neurotransmitters involves biochemical reactions that convert precursor molecules into neurotransmitters, often involving enzymes. Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles, ready for release upon neuronal stimulation. Calcium influx triggers exocytosis, where synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
Edited at 2024-12-13 02:33:54In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Synthesis and release of neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Precursor molecules
Amino acids
Glutamate
GABA
AcetylCoA
Acetylcholine
Tyrosine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin precursor
Tryptophan
Enzymatic steps
Enzymecatalyzed reactions
Decarboxylation
Hydroxylation
Methylation
Ratelimiting enzymes
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tryptophan hydroxylase
Subcellular locations
Cytoplasm
Initial steps
Endoplasmic reticulum
Further processing
Golgi apparatus
Packaging and transport
Storage of neurotransmitters
Vesicles
Synaptic vesicles
Small clear vesicles
Densecore vesicles
Vesicle membrane proteins
Synaptophysin
Synaptobrevin
Vesicle loading
Vesicular transporters
VMAT (Vesicular monoamine transporter)
VAChT (Vesicular acetylcholine transporter)
ATPdependent
Concentrating neurotransmitters
Release of neurotransmitters
Calciumdependent exocytosis
Action potential arrival
Opening voltagegated calcium channels
Calcium influx
Triggering vesicle fusion
Vesicleplasma membrane fusion
Neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft
Quantal release
Single vesicle release
Allornone principle
Quantal content
Number of vesicles released
Modulation of release
Presynaptic receptors
Autoreceptors
Heteroreceptors
Intracellular signaling pathways
cAMP
Protein kinases
Neurotransmitter inactivation
Reuptake mechanisms
Plasma membrane transporters
SERT (Serotonin transporter)
DAT (Dopamine transporter)
NET (Norepinephrine transporter)
Enzymatic degradation
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Breakdown of monoamines
Acetylcholinesterase
Breakdown of acetylcholine
Diffusion away from synapse
Passive dissipation
Loss of neurotransmitter effect
Factors affecting neurotransmitter release
Neurotransmitter synthesis rate
Availability of precursors
Activity of ratelimiting enzymes
Vesicle trafficking and recycling
Endocytosis
Retrieval of vesicle membrane
Vesicle refilling
Reuptake of neurotransmitter
External stimuli
Drugs
Agonists
Antagonists
Neurotransmitter receptor activation
Feedback regulation
Internal conditions
Intracellular pH
Impact on enzyme activity
Energy status
ATP availability
Impact on vesicle fusion