MindMap Gallery Photosynthetic reaction
Photosynthetic reactions encompass light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), which fix atmospheric CO2 into glucose, and light-dependent reactions, which convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH). The pigments involved in photosynthesis include chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and others, which capture light energy and initiate light-dependent reactions.
Edited at 2024-12-17 06:38:33In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Photosynthetic reaction
Lightdependent reactions
Occur in thylakoid membranes
Use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH
ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP
Electron transport chain
Photosystem II
Water splitting
Oxygen release
Cytochrome complex
Photosystem I
Electrons transferred to NADP+
Photolysis of water
Releases oxygen
Produces protons and electrons
Generate energy carriers
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
Lightindependent reactions (Calvin cycle)
Occur in stroma of chloroplasts
Use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide
Carbon fixation
CO2 is attached to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
Enzyme: Ribulose1,5bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)
Reduction phase
ATP and NADPH convert 3phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde3phosphate (G3P)
Regeneration of RuBP
ATP is used to regenerate RuBP
Allows cycle to continue
Produce glucose and other carbohydrates
G3P is a precursor for glucose and other sugars
Glucose can be used for energy or stored as starch
Photosynthetic pigments
Absorb light energy
Chlorophyll a
Primary pigment involved in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll b
Accessory pigment, broadens light absorption spectrum
Carotenoids
Accessory pigments, photoprotection role
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Light intensity
Affects rate of photosynthesis up to a maximum level
Carbon dioxide concentration
Higher CO2 levels can increase rate of photosynthesis
Temperature
Optimal temperature range for enzyme activity
Water availability
Water stress can limit photosynthesis
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen
Light energy is the driving force for the reaction