MindMap Gallery Gibbs free energy change
The formula for Gibbs free energy change is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, representing the thermodynamic criterion for reaction spontaneity. When ΔG < 0, the reaction is spontaneous; when ΔG = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium; and when ΔG > 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous. The spontaneity of reactions varies with temperature, with some reactions being spontaneous at high temperatures and non-spontaneous at low temperatures.
Edited at 2024-12-17 07:19:53In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Gibbs free energy change
Definition
Thermodynamic potential
Measures the maximum reversible work that can be done by a system
At constant temperature and pressure
Represented by ΔG
Δ (delta) indicates change
G for Gibbs free energy
Formula
ΔG = ΔH TΔS
ΔH: change in enthalpy (heat content)
T: absolute temperature in Kelvin
ΔS: change in entropy (disorder)
Spontaneity
Negative ΔG
Spontaneous process
Occurs without external energy input
Positive ΔG
Nonspontaneous process
Requires external energy input
Zero ΔG
Equilibrium
No net change in the system
Temperature dependence
Effect on spontaneity
ΔG becomes more negative with decreasing temperature for exothermic reactions (ΔH < 0)
ΔG becomes less negative with decreasing temperature for endothermic reactions (ΔH > 0)
Chemical reactions
Driving force
Determines the direction of chemical reactions
Free energy change
Predicts whether a reaction will occur
Phase transitions
Change in Gibbs free energy
Indicates the feasibility of phase changes
Melting
Boiling
Sublimation
Electrochemical cells
Cell potential
Related to ΔG
ΔG = nFE
n: number of moles of electrons transferred
F: Faraday constant
E: cell potential (emf)
Standard Gibbs free energy change
ΔG°
Gibbs free energy change under standard conditions
1 atm pressure
298 K (25°C)
Used to calculate equilibrium constants
ΔG° = RT ln K
R: gas constant
T: temperature in Kelvin
K: equilibrium constant
Nonideal conditions
Activity coefficients
Account for deviations from ideal behavior
Modify ΔG for real solutions and gases
Applications
Thermodynamics of biochemical reactions
Enzymecatalyzed reactions
Material science
Phase diagrams
Environmental science
Energy conversion processes
Chemical engineering
Process design and optimization