MindMap Gallery Chemical basis of antibody antigen interaction
Antigen structures are complex and diverse, including polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, with specific chemical structures that trigger immune responses. The binding between antigens and antibodies is highly specific, determined by the complementarity between antigen epitopes and antibody paratopes, allowing precise differentiation between similar antigens. Antigens are processed by immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, which present antigen fragments to T-cells, initiating an adaptive immune response.
Edited at 2024-12-17 08:38:50In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Chemical basis of antibody antigen interaction
Antibody structure
Heavy and light chains
Four polypeptide chains
Two identical heavy chains
Two identical light chains
Domains
Variable (VH and VL)
Constant (CH and CL)
Complementaritydetermining regions (CDRs)
Hypervariable regions
Determine antigen specificity
Constant regions
Fc region
Mediates effector functions
Antigen structure
Epitopes
Antigenic determinant
Specific region recognized by antibodies
Immunodominant regions
Most reactive epitopes
May vary with antibody class
Binding specificity
Keylock model
Antibodyantigen interaction
Paratope (antibody binding site)
Epitope (antigen binding site)
Affinity
Strength of single antibodyantigen interaction
Avidity
Overall binding strength
Multiple interactions
Chemical interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Polar interactions
Crucial for specificity
Hydrophobic interactions
Nonpolar interactions
Contribute to binding stability
Electrostatic interactions
Ionic bonds
Involved in antibodyantigen recognition
Van der Waals forces
Weak, nonspecific interactions
Add to overall binding affinity
Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen uptake
Phagocytosis or endocytosis
Antigen is internalized by antigenpresenting cells (APCs)
Antigen processing
Proteolytic degradation
Fragments are loaded onto MHC molecules
Antigen presentation
MHCpeptide complex formation
Presented on cell surface for T cell recognition
Antibody diversity
Somatic hypermutation
Affinity maturation
Generation of highaffinity antibodies
Gene rearrangement
V(D)J recombination
Creation of diverse antibody repertoire
Antibodyantigen complex formation
Thermodynamics
Affinity and avidity
Determine the stability of the complex
Kinetics
Association and dissociation rates
Influence the interaction dynamics
Biological consequences
Neutralization
Blockade of receptor binding sites
Inactivation of pathogens
Agglutination
Clumping of antigens
Facilitates clearance by phagocytes
Opsonization
Antibody coating of antigens
Enhances phagocytosis
Complement activation
Antibodymediated pathway
Lysis of target cells
Therapeutic implications
Monoclonal antibodies
Specific targeting of antigens
Used in cancer therapy and immunotherapy
Antibody engineering
Modification of antibody structure
Improvement of therapeutic efficacy