MindMap Gallery Reaction mechanism catalyzed by enzymes
Enzymes, as biological catalysts, have structural features that determine their catalytic activity. The active site of enzymes stabilizes reaction intermediates and transition states by forming specific interactions, thereby lowering the activation energy of reactions. Various types of catalysis, including proximity effect, orientational alignment, acid-base catalysis, and covalent catalysis, act synergistically to accelerate chemical reaction rates.
Edited at 2024-12-22 09:42:51In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Reaction mechanism catalyzed by enzymes
Enzyme Catalysis
Definition
Acceleration of chemical reactions
Specific to enzymes
Biological Importance
Essential for metabolic processes
Allows reactions to occur at physiological temperatures
Enzyme Structure
Primary Structure
Linear sequence of amino acids
Determines enzyme's 3D shape
Secondary Structure
Localized folding into alphahelices and betasheets
Stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary Structure
Overall 3D shape of the protein
Determines active site conformation
Quaternary Structure
Assembly of multiple polypeptide chains
Required for some enzymes
Active Site
Definition
Region where substrate binds
Site of catalysis
Characteristics
Specific shape and chemical properties
Induced fit model
EnzymeSubstrate Interaction
Substrate Binding
Affinity and specificity
Lock and key hypothesis
Catalytic Mechanism
Transition state stabilization
Strain and distortion
Proximity and orientation
Types of Catalysis
Covalent Catalysis
Temporary covalent bond formation
Enzymesubstrate intermediate
AcidBase Catalysis
Donation or acceptance of protons
Stabilization of transition state
Metal Ion Catalysis
Involvement of metal ions
Electron transfer or polarization
Enzyme Kinetics
MichaelisMenten Equation
Describes rate of enzymecatalyzed reactions
Vmax and Km parameters
LineweaverBurk Plot
Double reciprocal plot of MichaelisMenten equation
Easier to determine kinetic constants
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Allosteric Regulation
Binding of effectors at sites other than active site
Modulation of enzyme activity
Covalent Modification
Phosphorylation or dephosphorylation
Reversible changes in activity
Proteolytic Activation
Removal of inhibitory peptides
Conversion to active form
Inhibition of Enzymes
Competitive Inhibition
Competing with substrate for active site
Reversible
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Binding to enzyme at a site other than active site
Reduces enzyme activity
Uncompetitive Inhibition
Binding only to enzymesubstrate complex
Changes in Km and Vmax
Enzyme Specificity
Absolute Specificity
Interaction with only one substrate
Group Specificity
Interaction with a group of structurally related substrates
Stereochemical Specificity
Interaction with one stereoisomer of a substrate
Examples of Enzymatic Reactions
Hydrolysis
Cleavage of bonds by water
Example: Lipase breaking down fats
OxidationReduction
Transfer of electrons
Example: Alcohol dehydrogenase converting alcohol to aldehyde
Isomerization
Conversion of one isomer to another
Example: Phosphoglucose isomerase converting glucose6phosphate to fructose6phosphate