MindMap Gallery The principle and preparation method of vaccines
Vaccines work by mimicking pathogen infection to activate the immune system, generating antibodies and memory cells. Preparation methods include inactivated, attenuated, subunit, and genetically engineered vaccines. Production steps encompass pathogen isolation, culture, purification, inactivation/attenuation, and formulation adjustment, with strict quality control at each stage.
Edited at 2024-12-24 23:22:10In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
The principle and preparation method of vaccines
Principle of vaccines
Immune response stimulation
Activation of immune system
Antigen recognition
Production of antibodies
Memory cell formation
Long-term protection
Rapid response upon re-exposure
Types of immunity
Active immunity
Generated by the body itself
Vaccines induce this type
Passive immunity
Provided by pre-made antibodies
Short-term protection
Preparation methods of vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Weakened pathogens
Unable to cause disease
Still provoke immune response
Examples
Measles vaccine
Yellow fever vaccine
Inactivated vaccines
Killed pathogens
Cannot replicate
Still stimulate immune system
Examples
Hepatitis A vaccine
Influenza vaccine
Subunit, recombinant, conjugate vaccines
Specific pathogen components
Proteins or sugars
Targeted immune response
Examples
Hepatitis B vaccine
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine
Toxoid vaccines
Inactivated toxins
Used for diseases caused by toxins
Induce antibodies against toxins
Examples
Tetanus vaccine
Diphtheria vaccine
DNA vaccines
Genetic material encoding antigens
Introduce DNA into host cells
Cells produce antigens and stimulate immunity
Emerging technology
Still under research and development
Viral vector vaccines
Use of another virus to deliver genes
Genes from the target pathogen
Generate immune response to those genes
Examples
Ebola vaccine
COVID-19 vaccines (e.g., AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson)
Vaccine production steps
Pathogen selection and isolation
Identify the disease-causing agent
Isolate the pathogen or its components
Attenuation or inactivation process
Weaken or kill the pathogen
Ensure safety while maintaining immunogenicity
Formulation and adjuvant addition
Add substances to enhance immune response
Stabilize the vaccine formulation
Quality control and testing
Ensure safety and efficacy
Conduct clinical trials in multiple phases
Packaging and distribution
Aseptic filling into vials or syringes
Cold chain logistics for storage and transport
Vaccine safety and regulation
Regulatory approval process
Review by health authorities
FDA (US)
EMA (Europe)
Ensuring safety, efficacy, and quality
Post-marketing surveillance
Monitor vaccine safety over time
Detect and manage rare adverse events
Vaccine hesitancy and public trust
Addressing misinformation
Promoting vaccine acceptance through education and outreach