MindMap Gallery Cellular immune response in infectious diseases
Cellular immunity plays a pivotal role in infectious diseases, facing challenges such as immune tolerance and evasion. Current research focuses on novel vaccine and immunomodulatory agent development to address these challenges. Additionally, the mechanisms of cellular immunity in specific infections, such as T-cell and NK-cell activation, have been thoroughly investigated. The components of cellular immune responses, including cytokines and immune memory, are crucial for understanding its function and optimizing treatment strategies.
Edited at 2024-12-26 03:29:24In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Cellular immune response in infectious diseases
Introduction to cellular immunity
Definition of cellular immunity
Role of T cells in immune response
Importance of cell-mediated immunity in fighting infections
Overview of infectious diseases
Types of pathogens causing infections
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
How pathogens evade immune system
Components of cellular immune response
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Helper T cells (CD4+)
Activation by antigen-presenting cells
Cytokine secretion
Interleukins
Interferons
Differentiation into subsets
Th1
Th2
Th17
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
Recognition of infected cells
Mechanisms of cell lysis
Perforin and granzymes
Fas-Fas ligand interaction
Regulatory T cells (Tregs)
Maintenance of immune tolerance
Suppression of immune response
Natural killer (NK) cells
Recognition of abnormal cells
Cytotoxicity without prior sensitization
Production of cytokines
Steps of cellular immune response
Antigen recognition
Processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells
T cell receptor (TCR) interaction with antigen-MHC complex
Activation and proliferation of T cells
Co-stimulation by accessory molecules
CD28
B7
Clonal expansion of activated T cells
Effector functions
Cytokine release
Inflammation induction
Activation of other immune cells
Target cell killing
Direct cytotoxicity
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Memory cell formation
Long-term protection against future infections
Rapid response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen
Role of cellular immunity in specific infections
Viral infections
HIV/AIDS
Destruction of CD4+ T cells
Immune system collapse
Hepatitis
CD8+ T cell-mediated hepatocyte destruction
Bacterial infections
Tuberculosis
Granuloma formation by CD4+ T cells
Intracellular bacteria containment
Listeriosis
Phagocytosis enhancement by T cells
Fungal infections
Candidiasis
T cell regulation of antifungal immunity
Parasitic infections
Malaria
CD8+ T cell role in controlling parasite load
Challenges and research in cellular immunity
Immunosenescence and aging
Decline in immune function with age
Immunodeficiency diseases
Primary immunodeficiencies
Acquired immunodeficiencies
Vaccination strategies
Development of cellular immune response-inducing vaccines
Therapeutic interventions
Immunotherapy for cancer
T cell-based treatments
CAR-T cells
Checkpoint inhibitors
Antiviral drugs targeting cellular immunity
HIV protease inhibitors
HBV nucleoside analogues
Conclusion
Importance of cellular immunity in infectious diseases
Future directions in cellular immunology research