MindMap Gallery Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms
Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involve histone modifications (including methylation, acetylation, and other types), non-coding RNAs (such as lncRNAs, miRNAs, with various functions), and chromatin remodeling (achieved through ATP-dependent and other mechanisms for dynamic processes).
Edited at 2024-12-26 03:39:52In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms
DNA Methylation
Addition of methyl groups to DNA
Occurs at cytosine residues
Primarily in CpG dinucleotides
Enzymes involved
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)
DNMT1: maintenance of methylation patterns
DNMT3A and DNMT3B: de novo methylation
Effects on gene expression
Transcriptional repression
Alteration of chromatin structure
Histone Modification
Post-translational modifications of histone proteins
Acetylation
Addition of acetyl groups by histone acetyltransferases (HATs)
Removal by histone deacetylases (HDACs)
Methylation
Addition of methyl groups by histone methyltransferases
Removal by histone demethylases
Phosphorylation
Addition of phosphate groups by kinases
Removal by phosphatases
Effects on chromatin structure
Loosening or tightening of chromatin
Accessibility of transcription factors
Non-coding RNAs
Types of non-coding RNAs
microRNAs (miRNAs)
Short, single-stranded RNAs
Regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
Longer RNA molecules
Various regulatory functions
Mechanisms of action
miRNAs: binding to mRNA targets and inhibiting translation
lncRNAs: interaction with chromatin-modifying complexes
Chromatin Remodeling
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes
SWI/SNF
ISWI
CHD
INO80
Functions
Altering nucleosome positions
Exposing or hiding regulatory elements
Epigenetic Inheritance
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
Transmission of epigenetic marks across generations
Environmental factors influencing epigenetic marks
Mechanisms
Gamete-mediated epigenetic inheritance
Early embryonic development stages
Environmental Influences
Diet and nutrition
Impact on DNA methylation and histone modifications
Stress and trauma
Influence on epigenetic regulation
Toxins and pollutants
Chemical modifications of DNA and histones
Disease Implications
Cancer
Aberrant DNA methylation patterns
Histone modification changes
Neurological disorders
Epigenetic changes in the brain
Metabolic disorders
Epigenetic regulation of metabolic pathways
Therapeutic Approaches
Epigenetic drugs
DNMT inhibitors
HDAC inhibitors
Targeting non-coding RNAs
miRNA mimics and inhibitors
lncRNA-targeted therapies
Epigenetic editing
CRISPR-based technologies
TALENs and ZFNs