MindMap Gallery The pathways and functions of protein degradation
The pathways and functions of protein degradation encompass proteasome-mediated degradation, lysosome-mediated degradation, and non-lysosomal proteases. Proteasomes selectively degrade ubiquitinated proteins, maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes are involved in the digestion of extracellular materials and autophagy processes. Non-lysosomal proteases, such as calpains and cathepsins, play roles in cell migration and invasion.
Edited at 2024-12-26 05:32:18In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
The pathways and functions of protein degradation
Proteasome-mediated degradation
26S proteasome structure
19S regulatory particle
Recognition of ubiquitinated proteins
Removal of ubiquitin chains
20S core particle
Catalytic activity for protein degradation
Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)
Ubiquitination process
E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme)
E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme)
E3 (ubiquitin ligase)
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs)
Removal of ubiquitin from substrates
Regulation of protein degradation
Functions of proteasome-mediated degradation
Cell cycle regulation
Degradation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Quality control
Removal of misfolded or damaged proteins
Signal transduction
Regulation of transcription factors and signaling molecules
Lysosome-mediated degradation
Lysosomal structure and enzymes
Hydrolytic enzymes
Cathepsins
Other proteases
Lysosomal membrane proteins
Transporters
Ion channels
Autophagy-lysosomal pathway
Macroautophagy
Formation of autophagosomes
Fusion with lysosomes
Microautophagy
Direct engulfment of cytoplasmic components
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)
Recognition of KFERQ-like motifs
Delivery of proteins to lysosomes
Functions of lysosome-mediated degradation
Cellular homeostasis
Removal of long-lived proteins and organelles
Response to starvation
Recycling of amino acids and nutrients
Defense against pathogens
Degradation of intracellular bacteria and viruses
Non-lysosomal proteases
Calpains
Calcium-dependent cysteine proteases
Intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal remodeling
Caspases
Cysteine-aspartic proteases
Apoptosis regulation
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
Extracellular matrix remodeling
Tissue repair and development
Functions of nonlysosomal proteases
Signal transduction
Activation or inactivation of signaling molecules
Protein processing
Maturation of proteins and peptides
Cell death
Execution of programmed cell death pathways
Protein degradation in disease
Neurodegenerative diseases
Accumulation of misfolded proteins
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Cancer
Dysregulation of UPS components
Tumor suppressor protein degradation
Oncogene stabilization
Muscular dystrophies
Defects in the DGC complex
Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex
Progressive muscle degeneration
Inflammatory diseases
Dysregulation of inflammatory mediators
Cytokine and chemokine degradation
Immune response modulation