White blood cell count WBC

White blood cell differential count (WBC)

Red blood cell count (RBC)

Hemoglobin measurement (HGB)

Platelet count (PLT) normal value 100-300×10⋀9/L

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESP

pH 1. The reference value is morning urine pH of about 6.5 and random urine pH of 4.5 to 8.0.

2.Clinical significance (1) Increased blood pressure is seen in metabolic alkalosis, infectious cystitis, renal tubular acidosis, etc.; use sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate and other alkaline drugs. (2) Reduce the symptoms of metabolic acidosis, gout, diabetic ketoacidosis, high fever, severe diarrhea and hunger; use acidic drugs such as vitamin C and ammonium chloride.

Urine specific gravity (SG) 1. Reference value Adult: 1.015 ~ 1.05 Adult morning urine > 1.020

clinical significance (1) Increased levels are seen in acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes, hypovolemia, etc. (2) Reduction is seen in drinking a lot of water, chronic nephritis, glomerulointerstitial disease, chronic renal failure, acute renal failure with polyuria and diabetes insipidus.

3. Urinary protein (PRO) 1. Reference value qualitative: Negative quantitative: 0～80mg/24h 2.Clinical significance (1) Physiological proteinuria: strenuous exercise, fever, low temperature stimulation, mental stress; pregnancy Pregnant women may also have mild proteinuria. (2) Pathological proteinuria: glomerular proteinuria, tubular proteinuria, mixed Proteinuria, overflow proteinuria, drug nephrotoxic proteinuria.

4. White blood cells (LEU) in urine 1.Reference value Dry chemical strip test qualitative: negative Microscopic examination: For a normal person, a drop of urine mixed with WBC0~3/HP Centrifuge urine: WBC0~5/HP Uniform urine fully automatic formed component analyzer method: WBC0～12/μl 2.Clinical significance Increased leukocytes in urine are seen in urinary tract infections, chronic pyelonephritis, cystitis, prostatitis Adenitis etc. More white blood cells can also be found in women's urine mixed with leucorrhea.

5. Urinary sediment casts 1.Reference value Microscopic examination: 0 or occasionally (0~1/HP, transparent cast) 2.Clinical significance (1) Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis (2) Nephrotic syndrome (3) Acute and chronic pyelonephritis.

6. Urinary sediment crystallization 1.Reference value Phosphate, urate, and oxalate are the most common in normal human urine sediment. 2.Clinical significance (1) Urate crystals are common in gout. (2) Bilirubin crystals are found in the urine of patients with jaundice, acute liver atrophy, liver cancer, cirrhosis, and phosphorus poisoning. (3) Crystalluria: Crystalluria may occur when taking sulfa drugs, ampicillin, mercaptopurine, chlorprofenone and other drugs.

7. Urine glucose (GLU) 1.Reference value Qualitative: negative Quantitative: 0.56～5.0mmol/24h 2.Clinical significance (1) Diseases: diabetes, endocrine diseases, pituitary and adrenal gland diseases, etc. (2) Dietary glycosuria: Healthy people who eat too much sugar in a short period of time, and women in late pregnancy or lactation may have temporary physiological glycosuria. (3) Transient and persistent glycosuria: Temporary glycosuria occurs after strenuous exercise, cerebral hemorrhage, excessive dosage of adrenocortical hormones, etc.; persistent glycosuria is more common in primary diabetes, hyperthyroidism, endocrine diseases, etc. (4) Others: burns, infections, fractures, and the use of drugs can also cause positive urine glucose.

8. Urinary bilirubin (BIL) 1. Qualitative reference value: Negative quantitative: ≤2mg/L 2.Clinical significance A positive test usually indicates hepatocellular jaundice (viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, Drug-induced liver injury), obstructive jaundice (suppurative cholangitis, gallbladder stones, biliary swollen tumors, etc.). 9. Occult blood in urine (BLD) 1. Reference value urine hemoglobin: negative 2.Clinical significance (1) Red blood cell destruction: heart valve surgery, severe burns, strenuous exercise, severe damage to muscle and blood vessel tissue, etc.; (2) Biological factors: malaria infection, Clostridium poisoning; (3) Hemolysis caused by animals and plants: snake venom, bee venom, etc.; (4) Microvascular hemolytic anemia: DIC; (5) Taking oxidizing drugs: aspirin, sulfonamides, primaquine, nitrofurans, vancomycin, etc.; (6) Immune factors: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, blood transfusion with incompatible blood types. 10. Urinary Ketone Bodies (KET) 1. Qualitative reference value: negative 2.Clinical significance (1) Non-diabetic ketonuria: cold, after strenuous exercise, stress, pregnancy, vomiting, hyperthyroidism, etc. (2) Diabetic ketonuria: In diabetic ketoacidosis, the ketone bodies in the urine often rise earlier than the increase in ketone bodies in the blood. 11. Urinary amylase (UAMY) 1. Reference value 100～1200U/L 2.Clinical significance (1) Increase ① During the onset of acute pancreatitis, urinary amylase activity rises slightly later than serum amylase (starts to rise 12 to 24 hours after the onset), and lasts slightly longer. ②Other diseases: pancreatic head cancer, mumps, perforated gastric ulcer. (2) Reduce Mainly seen in severe hepatitis, cirrhosis, diabetes, etc.

1. Appearance of feces Characteristics Clinical significance 1. Thin or watery stool---intestinal infectious or non-infectious diarrhea, or acute gastroenteritis A large amount of yellow-green loose stools containing membrane-like substances --- consider pseudomembranous intestinal inflammation A large amount of watery stool is also seen in intestinal cyst infection in AIDS patients 2. Rice swill and watery stool --- cholera, paracholera 3. Mucus stool --- inflammation of the small intestine (mucus is mixed in the stool), inflammation of the large intestine (mucus adheres to the surface of the stool) 4. Peptone-like stool --- allergic enteritis, chronic bacillary dysentery, etc. 5. Purulent and bloody stool --- bacterial dysentery, ulcerative colitis, rectal or colon cancer, amoebic dysentery (dark red jam color) 6. Curdled stool---indigestion in children 7. Bloody stool --- Hemorrhoids, anal fissures, polyps and other lower gastrointestinal bleeding 8. Tarry stool --- upper gastrointestinal bleeding 9. White clay stool --- obstructive jaundice 10. Thin stool---rectal cancer

fecal occult blood 1. Reference value: negative 2.Clinical significance (1) Peptic tract ulcers: gastric and duodenal ulcers; (2) Digestive tract tumors: gastric cancer, colon cancer;

Fecal bilegen 1. Reference value: positive 2.Clinical significance (1) Increase: hemolytic jaundice and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria; (2) Reduction: Obstructive jaundice is significantly reduced.

Stool cell microscopy Check item clinical significance White blood cells---increased seen in intestinal inflammation, bacillary dysentery, ulcerative colitis, amoebic dysentery, hemorrhagic enteritis, and reactive intestinal disease Red blood cells---dysentery, ulcerative colitis, colon cancer Phagocytic cells---acute enteritis and dysentery Epithelial cells---characteristic of intestinal wall inflammation, seen in colitis, pseudomembranous colitis, etc. Fungi - Excessive or long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can cause dysbiosis and fungal infections, such as Candida albicans, etc.

Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 1. Reference value Rate method: adults 5～40U/L 2. Clinical significance 1. Hepatobiliary diseases: infectious hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, liver cancer, active cirrhosis, liver abscess, fatty liver, obstructive jaundice, etc.; 2. Other diseases: acute myocardial infarction, liver congestion in heart failure, bone diseases, infectious mononucleosis; 3. Medication: exposure to chemicals or use of hepatotoxic drugs such as chlorpromazine, isoniazid, quinine, salicylic acid, ampicillin, tetracycline, rifampicin, fluconazole, acyclovir, ethanol, Organophosphorus, etc.

Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) 1. Reference value Men 11～50U/L; women 7～12U/L 2. Clinical significance 1. Hepatobiliary diseases: Patients with intrahepatic or retrohepatic bile duct obstruction have the highest increase in serum GGT, which can reach 5 to 30 times the normal level; chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis have continued increase in GGT, indicating that the condition is unstable or has a tendency to worsen; primary In liver cancer and ampullary cancer, serum GGT activity is significantly increased. 2. Pancreatic diseases; 3. Other diseases: myocardial infarction, prostate tumors; 4. Medication: Anti-epileptic drugs phenytoin, phenobarbital or ethanol often cause GGT to increase.

Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 1. Reference value Rate method: adults 8～40U/L 2. Clinical significance 1. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 2. Liver diseases: infectious hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, liver cancer, liver abscess, fatty liver, cholangitis, cholecystitis, etc. 3. Other diseases: pulmonary embolism, nephritis, pleurisy, acute pancreatitis, muscle contusion, gangrene, and hemolytic disease. 4. Medication: See the clinical significance of elevated ALT.

Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 1. Reference value Male: 45～125U/L Women: 20-49 years old 30-100U/L 50-79 years old 50-135U/L 2. Clinical significance 1. Hepatobiliary diseases: bile duct obstruction, liver cancer, obstructive jaundice, etc. 2. Bone diseases: bone damage, deformable bone inflammation, etc. 3. Medication: Statin blood lipid regulating drugs.

Serum total protein, albumin and globulin 1. Total protein (TP) 60~80g/L Increased: ① Hemoconcentration caused by vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and high fever; ② Increased serum protein synthesis caused by multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, etc. Reduce: ① Loss of serum protein and insufficient intake caused by malnutrition, maldigestion and absorption; ② Increase in serum water content; ③ Other diseases: tuberculosis, tumors, acute hemorrhage, severe burns, hyperthyroidism, etc. 2.Albumin 40～55 g/L Increase: Reduced hemoconcentration caused by severe water loss: ① malnutrition; ② increased consumption; ③ synthesis disorder: mainly seen in liver dysfunction 3. Globulin 20～30 g/L Increased: ① Inflammatory or chronic infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, leprosy, etc.; ② Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.; ③ Decrease in certain malignant tumors, such as myeloma and lymphoma. : ① Physiological reduction: from birth to 3 years old; ② Immune function suppression; ③ Hypogammaglobulinemia A/G ratio decreases from 1.5:1 to 2.5:1: ① A/G ratio decreases to less than 1, indicating chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, parenchymal liver damage, nephrotic syndrome, etc.; ②The changes in A/G ratio can be helpful in observing the development and prognosis of the disease. When the condition worsens, albumin gradually decreases and the A/G ratio decreases; the ratio continues to be inverted, indicating poor results after prevention.

Serum total bilirubin (STB), unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), conjugated bilirubin (CB) 1. Reference value STB: Adult 3.4～17.1 pumol/L Newborn 0～1 day 34～103μmol/L 1～2 days 103～171μmol/L 3～5 days 68～137μmol/L CB: 0～6.8μmol/L UCB: 1.7～10.2μmol/L CB/UCB: 0.2～0.4 2. Clinical significance 1. Reflect the degree of jaundice: STB 17.1~34.2μumol/L is latent jaundice; 34.2~171μmol/L is mild jaundice; 171~342μmol/L is moderate jaundice; >342μumol/L is severe jaundice. 2. Infer the cause of jaundice: STB <85.5 μmol/L is considered hemolytic jaundice; STB 17.1-171 μmol/L is considered hepatocellular jaundice; STB 171-342 μmol/L is considered incomplete obstructive jaundice; >342 μmol/L is considered complete obstructive jaundice. . 3. Identify the type of jaundice: when STB and UCB are increased, it is hemolytic jaundice; when STB and CB are increased, it is obstructive jaundice; when STB, UCB and CB are all increased, it is hepatocellular jaundice. 4. Changes in CB/STB ratio: CB/STB <0.2 indicates hemolytic jaundice; CB/STB 0.2~0.5 indicates hepatocellular jaundice; CB/STB>0.5 indicates obstructive jaundice.

Kidney function test 1. Serum urea nitrogen (BUN) 1.Reference value Adult: 3.2～7.1mmol/L Children: 1.8～6.5mmol/L 2.Clinical significance (1) Kidney disease: chronic nephritis, severe pyelonephritis, etc. (2) Other urinary system diseases. (3) Others: dehydration, high-protein diet, increased protein catabolism, edema, ascites, etc. 2. Serum creatinine (Cr) 1.Reference value Male: 53～106μmol/L Women: 44～97μmol/L 2.Clinical significance (1) When the glomerular filtration function drops to 30% to 50% of normal people, the serum Cr value increases significantly. (2) Under normal renal blood flow conditions, when serum Cr rises to 176-355 μmol/L, it indicates moderate to severe renal damage. (3) It is more meaningful to measure serum Cr and BUN at the same time. If both increase at the same time, it means that the renal function has been seriously damaged. 3. Blood uric acid (UA) 1.Reference value Male: 150～416μmol/L Female: 89～357 μmol/L 2.Clinical significance (1) Increase ①The main laboratory basis for diagnosing gout. ②UA excretion disorders: acute and chronic nephritis, kidney stones, urethral obstruction, etc. ③ Increased production: chronic leukemia, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, etc. ④Eating too much high-purine diet. ⑤ Drug effects: long-term use of pyrazinamide, low-dose aspirin, etc. (2) Reduce Seen in severe hepatitis, deficiency of enzymes related to uric acid production, etc.

1. Amylase (AMY) 1. Reference value 35～135U/L 2.Clinical significance (1) Increased ① diagnosis of pancreatitis. ②Pancreatic cancer. ③Others: seen in acute abdomen (lesions involving the pancreas), ethanol poisoning, renal failure, etc. (2) Reduce the secretory function of the pancreas due to severe destruction of pancreatic tissue or fibrosis of pancreatic tissue in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer respectively.

2. Serum creatine kinase and its isoenzymes (CK) 1.Reference value Male: 50～310U/L Women: 40～200U/L 2.Clinical significance Increased serum CK (1) Heart disease: CK is one of the sensitive indicators for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). (2) Muscle diseases: progressive muscular atrophy, dermatomyositis, acute poliomyelitis, etc. (3) Drug-induced muscle damage: Myopathy caused by taking statins, or the combination of statins and betinic acid drugs. (4) Others: acute cerebrovascular disease, hypothyroidism, strenuous exercise. 3. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) 1.Reference value <0.2μg/L>1.5μg/L is the critical value 2.Clinical significance (1) The most specific and sensitive first-choice marker for diagnosing myocardial necrosis. (2) Determine minor myocardial damage. (3) Others: Patients with acute myocarditis may also experience low levels of cTnI elevation.

4. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 1.Reference value Fasting blood glucose (FBG): 3.9～6.1mmol/L OGTT: FBG 3.9～6.1mmol/L; blood glucose ≤7.8mmo/L 2 hours after taking sugar; taking sugar It reaches the peak in half an hour to 1 hour, and the peak blood sugar level is <11.1mmol/L. The teaching materials are detailed 2.Clinical significance (1) Increased fasting blood sugar ① Physiological or temporary hyperglycemia: seen during emotional stress or after glucose injection. ② Pathological hyperglycemia: insufficient insulin secretion (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes), increased secretion of glycemic hormones, stress states (stroke, craniocerebral injury, myocardial infarction, large area burns, etc.), abnormal liver glycogen metabolism , pancreatic lesions, drug effects (thiazide diuretics, oral contraceptives, etc.), dehydration (high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.) causing mild hyperglycemia. (2) Reduced fasting blood sugar ① Physiological or temporary hypoglycemia: seen after exercise, when hungry, or during pregnancy, lactation, etc. ② Pathological hypoglycemia: excessive secretion of insulin, overdose of hypoglycemic drugs, reduced secretion of hormones that increase blood sugar, insufficient liver glycogen storage, and others (idiopathic hypoglycemia, taking salicylic acid and other drugs). 5. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 1.Reference value 4%～6% 2.Clinical significance (1) Evaluate the degree of diabetes control: HbA1c level is directly proportional to blood glucose concentration and can be used as a good observation indicator of long-term control of diabetes. (2) Identification of hyperglycemia: The HbA1c level of diabetic hyperglycemia is increased, while the HbA1c level of stress hyperglycemia is normal. (3) Prediction of vascular complications: HbA1c >10% in diabetic patients indicates serious complications. (4) HbA1 Decreased c: indicates anemia or increased red blood cell turnover rate. 6. Total cholesterol (TC) Elevated serum TC is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis and ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. 1.Reference value Suitable level <5.20mmol/L 2.Clinical significance (1) Increase ① Dyslipidemia: hypercholesterolemia or mixed hyperlipidemia. ② Other diseases: diabetes, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, etc. ③ Use certain drugs: glucocorticoids, cyclosporine, aspirin, oral contraceptives, etc.; ④ Long-term high-fat diet. (2) Reduction: seen in hyperthyroidism, severe anemia, acute infection and wasting diseases, etc. 7. Triacylglycerol (TG) TG is the main cause of fatty liver. 1.Reference value Suitable level: 0.56~1.70mmol/L 2.Clinical significance (1) Increase ① Dyslipidemia: hypertriglyceridemia or mixed hyperlipidemia. ② Other diseases: diabetes, gout, nephrotic syndrome, etc. ③ Others: high-fat diet, lack of exercise, etc. (2) Reduce ① Primary β-lipoprotein deficiency. ② Other diseases: hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, severe liver disease, etc. 8. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) LDL is an essential factor in atherosclerosis. 1.Reference value Suitable level ≤3.4mmol/L 2.Clinical significance (1) Increase ① Dyslipidemia: hypercholesterolemia or mixed hyperlipidemia. ② Other diseases: hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, obstructive jaundice, obesity, etc. ③ Drug effects: use of glucocorticoids, β-blockers, etc. (2) Reduction: seen in hyperthyroidism, liver cirrhosis, low-fat diet or malabsorption, etc. 9. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) HDL is an anti-atherosclerotic lipoprotein in the human body. 1. Reference value 1.03~2.07mmol/L. Appropriate level: >1.04mmol/L 2.Clinical significance (1) Elevation: Drinking alcohol or exercising sufficiently for a long time. (2) Reduce ① Dyslipidemia: low high-density lipoproteinemia. ② Other diseases: diabetes, metabolic syndrome, etc. ③ Others: high sugar and vegetarian diet, smoking; taking thiazides, estrogen, etc.

Hepatitis B virus DNA

Hepatitis B virus marker detection Hepatitis B virus six items