MindMap Gallery medical biology
Section 2·Chromosome-related contents in the cellular basis of inheritance. This article introduces the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes, providing a clear and systematic framework to help us better understand and remember the knowledge about chromosomes in the cellular basis of inheritance.
Edited at 2024-12-12 14:27:48Find a streamlined guide created using EdrawMind, showcasing the Lemon 8 registration and login flow chart. This visual tool facilitates an effortless journey for American users to switch from TikTok to Lemon 8, making the transition both intuitive and rapid. Ideal for those looking for a user-centric route to Lemon 8's offerings, our flow chart demystifies the registration procedure and emphasizes crucial steps for a hassle-free login.
これは稲盛和夫に関するマインドマップです。私のこれまでの人生のすべての経験は、ビジネスの明確な目的と意味、強い意志、売上の最大化、業務の最小化、そして運営は強い意志に依存することを主な内容としています。
かんばんボードのデザインはシンプルかつ明確で、計画が一目で明確になります。毎日の進捗状況を簡単に記録し、月末に要約を作成して成長と成果を確認することができます。 実用性が高い:読書、早起き、運動など、さまざまなプランをカバーします。 操作簡単:シンプルなデザイン、便利な記録、いつでも進捗状況を確認できます。 明確な概要: 毎月の概要により、成長を明確に確認できます。 小さい まとめ、今月の振り返り掲示板、今月の習慣掲示板、今月のまとめ掲示板。
Find a streamlined guide created using EdrawMind, showcasing the Lemon 8 registration and login flow chart. This visual tool facilitates an effortless journey for American users to switch from TikTok to Lemon 8, making the transition both intuitive and rapid. Ideal for those looking for a user-centric route to Lemon 8's offerings, our flow chart demystifies the registration procedure and emphasizes crucial steps for a hassle-free login.
これは稲盛和夫に関するマインドマップです。私のこれまでの人生のすべての経験は、ビジネスの明確な目的と意味、強い意志、売上の最大化、業務の最小化、そして運営は強い意志に依存することを主な内容としています。
かんばんボードのデザインはシンプルかつ明確で、計画が一目で明確になります。毎日の進捗状況を簡単に記録し、月末に要約を作成して成長と成果を確認することができます。 実用性が高い:読書、早起き、運動など、さまざまなプランをカバーします。 操作簡単:シンプルなデザイン、便利な記録、いつでも進捗状況を確認できます。 明確な概要: 毎月の概要により、成長を明確に確認できます。 小さい まとめ、今月の振り返り掲示板、今月の習慣掲示板、今月のまとめ掲示板。
Section 2·Cellular Basis of Inheritance
chromatin
euchromatin
Basic dye staining in interphase nuclei shows lighter coloration, lower degree of spiralization, chromatin filaments in a stretched state, and active gene transcription sites.
Evenly distributed in the nucleus, mostly located in the center of the nucleus
heterochromatin
The interphase nucleus is in a condensed state, with a dense structure and no transcriptional activity. It is stained deeply by basic dyes.
Classification
Constitutive heterochromatin: The major type of heterochromatin found in a condensed state in all cell types and at all stages of development
Facultative heterochromatin: Heterochromatin converted from the original euchromatin condensed well after losing transcriptional activity, which can be converted into euchromatin
sex chromatin
Y chromatin = number of Y chromosomes
X chromatin (inactive X chromosome)
The number of X chromatin (Barbarin bodies) = the number of X chromosomes - 1 (normal X)
1 female, none male
Lyon hypothesis - X chromosome inactivation hypothesis
Female, 2 X chromosomes, 1 active and 1 inactive (heterocondensation into X chromatin)
Inactivation occurs early in the embryo
Chromosome inactivation does not mean chromosome loss
Inactivation of the X chromosome is random but constant
Dosage compensation effect: ensuring that only one X chromosome is active in cells of both sexes, keeping the number of X-linked gene products at the same level in both sexes
chromosome
Chromosome set: 23 pairs Number of chromosomes: 46, 22 normal pairs, 1 sex pair Sex chromosomes: Female XX, Male XY 24 types of chromosomes Haploid 23 chromosomes
Chromosome structure (metaphase chromosomes)
A metaphase chromosome has two chromatids (called sister chromatids)
Centromere, upper short arm p, lower long arm q There are telomeres at the end of the long and short arms
Type (where the centromere is located)
Centromere chromosomes 4/8~5/8
Submetacentric chromosomes 5/8~7/8
acrocentric chromosome 7/8↑
Telocentric chromosomes (no short arms) (mouse has it, but humans don’t)
Chromosome 13.14.15.21.22 has a satellite (the end of the short arm of the acrocentric chromosome)
nucleolar organizing zone: secondary constriction of the short arms of chromosomes with satellites
karyotype
non-banding karyotype
Giemsa dye, same color
Denver system (length, centromere) 23 pairs, 7 groups (ABCDEFG) Group D (13-15) acrocentric, with satellite Group G (21.22) acrocentromere, with satellite
banding karyotype
Banding pattern: 24 chromosomes show specific banding patterns along the vertical axis
Q-band: nitrogen mustard quinine (QM) Ribbon patterns of different widths, light and dark
G-band: Trypsin Giemsa Dark and light stripes Similar to Q belt G has a dark band = Q has a bright band
R band (reverse band): treated with phosphate buffer Giemsa/QM Opposite of G-band
C-band: NaOH/Ba(OH)₂ treatment Sodium citrate/sodium chloride treatment Giemsa Centromere and accessory constriction are deeply stained
T-strap: Heated Giemsa Display telomeres and find abnormalities at the ends
N-band: AgNO₃ GGiemsa Specific silver stain
High-resolution banding: chromosome painting technology
Karyotype naming
Chromosome sequence number, arm, region, band
1P31.22 Chromosome 1, short arm, region 3, band 1, subband 2, subband 2