non-static process

Quasi-static process: Every instantaneous state of the system's thermodynamic process is an equilibrium state. The (idealized process) (infinitely slow) can be represented on a p-v diagram.

Heat: the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between the system and the outside world

Molar heat capacity: The temperature of 1 mol of a substance increases or decreases, dT is the amount of 2 heat absorbed or released. Cm=dQ/dT

The Q>0 system absorbs energy from the outside world, and the W>0 system does work on the outside.

Isobody process

Isobaric process

Isothermal process

Q=0. Quasi-static process

W=-ΔE=-i/2mRΔT=-mCvΔT=(p₁v₁=p₂v₂)/(g-1)

Adiabatic equation: pv^g=constant v^g-1T=constant p^g-1T^-g=constant

The absolute value of the slope of an adiabatic line is greater than the absolute value of the slope of an isotherm

Positive cycle: The system does positive work on the outside world. ΔE remains unchanged

Heat engine efficiency

Refrigeration coefficient of refrigerator

Two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes

h=1-T₂/T₁(T₁: high temperature heat source, T₂: low temperature heat source)

e=T₂/(T₁-T₂)=Q/W>1

The efficiency of any reversible heat engine working between the same high-temperature heat source and low-temperature heat source is equal

The efficiency of any irreversible heat engine that works between the same two high-temperature heat sources and a low-temperature heat source cannot be greater than that of a reversible heat engine.

irreversibility of natural phenomena

Boltzmann's entropy formula and entropy increase principle

Clausius entropy formula