MindMap Gallery Basic knowledge of fire protection - combustion, fire, explosion and flammable and explosive dangerous goods
This is a mind map about the basic knowledge of fire protection, mainly including: combustion, fire, explosion and flammable and explosive dangerous goods. If you need it, you can learn about it.
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Basic knowledge of fire protection
combustion
combustion
Redox reaction (usually accompanied by flame, luminescence or smoke)
Flame burning
Gas and liquids can only burn with flame
Flameless burning
Only occur on solid surfaces
condition
Necessary conditions
Combustible materials, combustible materials, and ignition sources (oxygen concentration <15% cannot maintain combustion)
Sufficient conditions
A sufficient quantity or concentration of combustible materials, combustible materials and a sufficient energy source of ignition interaction
Chain reaction
Combustible materials, ignition aids, ignition sources, chain reaction free radicals (ignition tetrahedrons)
Chain initiation, chain delivery, and chain termination
Flame burning is a typical chain reaction
Classification
There is or not the flame
Flame burning
Flameless burning
Coke, charcoal, incense, cigarettes, iron, copper (the center temperature of cigarette butt is 800℃, the surface is 200-300℃)
According to the fire conditions and instantaneous characteristics
On fire (continuous burning)
ignite
Forced to fire
Self-ignition
Self-ignition
Chemical spontaneous combustion
Match friction, explosive impact explosion, sodium metal spontaneous combustion, coal accumulation, nitrofiber film, video, X-ray film
Grain, straw, weeds, leaves, raw cotton, sawdust, corn cobs, coal (fermentation reaction, slow oxidation)
Hot self-ignition
explode
Chemical explosion
Physical explosion
Stress sudden change
Combustion form
Gas combustion
Diffusion combustion
More stable, example: cooking and gas
Premixed combustion
Fast combustion reaction, such as gas welding, backtemper (often deflagation)
The process is controlled by reaction kinetics
Liquid combustion
Evaporation combustion
Flash
Flash point: minimum temperature for flash burning (closed cup method)
Boiling
Conditions: wide boiling range, large density, emulsified water, large viscosity
Examples: crude oil, heavy oil, asphalt oil, residue oil
splash
Generally speaking, the boiling time is much earlier than the splashing time
The speed of combustion is related to the steam pressure, flash point, boiling point and evaporation rate
Hydrocarbons: orange, alcohols: blue, aldehydes: obviously boiling
Solid combustion
Evaporation combustion
Sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, candles, rosin, etc.
Camphor and naphthalene are sublimated directly into gas combustion
Surface combustion
Charcoal, coke, iron, copper, etc.
Flameless combustion (Scandal combustion)
Decomposition of combustion
Pyrolysis, gasification, flame combustion
Common burns
Smoldering
Smoke without flame burning
Specialty of solid matter
Paper, sawdust, fiber substance, etc.
Wood, cotton, linen, and paper exist at the same time. Surface combustion, decomposition combustion, smoldering, etc.
Combustion performance parameters
Flash point
One of the main indicators of the properties of combustible liquids, the higher the saturation pressure, the lower the flash point
Class A: <28℃
gasoline
Category B: 28℃≤flash point <60℃
kerosene
Category C: Flash point ≥60℃
diesel fuel
Fire point
Measuring the risk of solid fire
Self-ignition point
The self-ignition point is the basis for measuring the risk of spontaneous combustion of combustible substances
Combustion of combustion products and typical substances
Combustion products
Completely burned products
Carbon dioxide, water, sulfur dioxide
Incomplete combustion products
Carbon monoxide, NH3, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes
cigarette
Carbon black particles with very small diameter
Hazardous
50% of people died due to CO poisoning
CO, HCN (hydrogen cyanide), SO2, etc.
Flue gas is light-reducing and irritating
When oxygen drops to 10%, it will cause life disasters to people
Typical substance combustion products
high polymer
Organic polymer compounds: plastics, rubbers, synthetic fibers, films, adhesives and coatings, etc.
toxicity
C, H polymer
CO, melted droplets
O Polymer
CO, no melt droplets
N polymer
CO, NO, HCN, with melted droplets
Cl polymer
No melt droplets, carbon tumors, HCl, such as polyvinyl chloride
wood
Flame burning stage
Thermal decomposition combustion
Flameless combustion stage
Surface burning, charcoal
coal
C, H, Q, N, S
There are flames and no flames at the same time
Metal
Divided into volatile metals and non-volatile metals
Na
yellow
K
Purple
Ca
Brick red
Ba
green
Sr
red
Cu
blue
Mg
White