MindMap Gallery Axial Age
This is a mind map about the axis era, the main contents include: comparison of the axis era ideas, the Middle East Axis Age (Hebrew civilization), the ancient Indian Axis Age, the ancient Greek Axis Age, and the Chinese Axis Axis Age Era, an overview of the Axial Era.
Edited at 2025-01-25 23:10:35Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Axial Age
Axial Era Overview
Definition and time range
The German philosopher Carl Jaspers proposed this concept in the 1949 "The Origins and Goals of History", referring to the years from 800 BC to 200 BC.
It mainly occurs in areas around 30 degrees north latitude, including China, ancient Greece, ancient India, the Middle East, etc.
Important significance
During this period, a group of great thinkers emerged independently in various civilizations. Their thoughts laid the foundation for human thought and culture since then and shaped different cultural traditions.
The ideological breakthroughs during this period were like the "axis" of human civilization. The subsequent cultural development revolved around these axes, becoming a turning point in the development of human civilization, and providing a basic thinking paradigm and value orientation for future generations.
Cause
Productivity development: The widespread use of iron tools has greatly improved agricultural production efficiency, promoted the refinement of social division of labor, promoted the rise of cities and the prosperity of commerce. For example, in China, the use of iron tools made it easy to reclaim wasteland, and promoted the collapse of the well-field system and the development of feudal land private ownership.
Social Change: With the progress of productivity, the social class structure changes and emerging classes rise. In ancient Greece, the industrial and commercial class emerged, which had conflicts with the traditional aristocratic class, which promoted the change of the political system and the active ideological activities. In ancient India, the contradictions between different classes under the caste system gradually became prominent, triggering thoughts on social order and the meaning of life.
Population growth and exchanges increase: population size increases, and exchanges between different regions and tribes are becoming increasingly frequent. The prototypes of trade routes such as the Silk Road began to emerge, promoting the dissemination of knowledge, technology and ideas. For example, the Middle East, as the intersection of Asia, Europe and Africa, has become a hub for the exchange of multiple cultures, and the ideas of different ethnic groups collide and merge here.
China's Axis Era
Representative characters and thoughts
Confucius
Core idea: "Benevolence" is the core of its thoughts, advocating "benevolent loves others", emphasizing that people should care, respect and tolerate each other. "Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you" is a specific method to achieve "benevolence". Starting from oneself, you should follow yourself and others.
Political proposition: It is proposed to "govern with virtue", and believes that rulers should be based on morality, implement moral governance, care for the people, so that they can win the hearts of the people and consolidate their rule.
Educational contribution: The first private school to break the monopoly of education by the aristocracy at that time. He advocated that "there is no distinction between education". No matter high or low, rich or poor, everyone should have the right to receive education. He cultivated seventy-two Confucius wise men such as Zigong and cultivated a large number of talents for the society.
I
The philosophy of Tao: The founder of Taoism advocated that "Tao" is the origin and essence of all things in the universe, "having things mixed together, born in heaven and earth." Tao is an existence beyond human perception and understanding, and it governs the operating laws of the universe. .
Governance by inaction: In politics, the advocacy of "governance by inaction" is not to do nothing, but to not intervene excessively, so that things can develop naturally, "govern a big country, if you cook a small fresh food", the government should reduce excessive interference in people's lives , let the society run naturally and harmoniously.
Dialectical thought: It has a simple dialectical thought, such as "Good is hidden by misfortune, and misfortune is relying on good fortune", and realizes that things contain two aspects that are opposite and mutually transformed. This idea regards problems for later generations of Chinese people. The way it has had a profound impact.
Mencius
The idea of benevolent government: A representative of Confucianism inherited and developed Confucius' thoughts, advocated "benevolent government", and believed that rulers should protect the people like they care for their own children, reduce taxes, and safeguard people's livelihood.
People-oriented concept: put forward the idea of "the people are more important than the king" and emphasizes that the people's status is higher than that of the monarch, and the country should take the interests of the people as the foundation. This idea has important progressive significance in the feudal era.
Theory of Human Nature: Emphasizing that human nature is inherently good, believing that human beings are born with "four ends", namely compassion, shame, and verbal verbal. Through acquired education and cultivation, good nature can be developed and moralized people .
Zhuangzi
Pursuing spiritual freedom: an important representative of Taoist thought, pursuing absolute freedom of individual spirit, such as the "free and easy-going" realm, advocating the shackles of worldly fame, fortune, and right and wrong concepts, and reaching a spiritual realm that transcends reality.
Adapt to nature: Advocate to follow the laws of nature and oppose artificial deliberate creation. "The heaven and earth are born with me, and all things are one with me." People should live in harmony with nature and integrate into the great popularity of nature.
Unique literary style: The literary style is vast and unrestrained, and the imagination is unique. Fables such as "the ox of the butcher cuts down the ox" and "the Kunpeng spreads its wings" vividly and vividly explain profound philosophical principles.
Mozi
Universal love is not attacked: The founder of the Mohist school advocates "universal love", that is, love everyone without distinction, and opposes Confucianism's concept of benevolence. Based on the idea of universal love, we proposed "non-attack", opposed aggressive wars, and advocated peace.
The idea of advancing virtuous people: advocates "advocating virtuous people", and believes that the selection of talents should be regardless of their origins, and only talent is to allow talented people to govern the country. This idea reflects the desire of small producers to participate in politics at that time.
Practical Technology and Logic: Pay attention to practical technology. Most of the members of the Mohist school are handicraftsmen and master rich production technologies. For example, Mozi once competed with the Gongshu Class on offensive and defensive equipment. At the same time, the Mohist school made important contributions to logical thinking. His book "Mo Jing" contains rich logical ideas and discusses logical methods such as concepts, judgments, and reasoning.
Schools of thought and influence
Confucianism
Established orthodox status: During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "abolishing all schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was adopted, and Confucianism became the orthodox idea of feudal society.
Far-reaching influence: The feudal dynasty that lasted for more than two thousand years in China has profoundly influenced political concepts, such as rulers of all dynasties governing the country with Confucian moral governance and benevolent political thoughts as guidance; in the education system, Confucian classics became the main teaching content, and the imperial examination was The main examination content is based on the Confucian classics; in terms of social ethics, the "Three Bonds and Five Constant Persons" advocated by Confucianism has become the norm and norm for people's behavior, affecting the construction of family relations and social order.
Taoism
Influence of philosophy of life: Taoist thought has influenced the philosophy of life of the Chinese. When people face setbacks and difficulties, Taoist thoughts on "inaction" and "comply with nature" provide people with a detached mentality and way of dealing with it.
Literary and artistic contributions: In literary and artistic creation, Taoism's idea of pursuing nature and advocating freedom has influenced the style of artistic forms such as poetry, painting, and calligraphy. Many literati and poets use Taoist thought as inspiration to pursue the natural artistic conception and spiritual freedom in their works. For example, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems reflect their love for nature and yearning for free life.
Mohist
Influence at that time: Mohist thought had a wide influence during the Warring States Period, especially among handicraftsmen and lower class people. Its thought of both love and non-aggression reflected the people's desire for peace and equality.
Inspired by later generations: Its logical thought laid the foundation for the development of ancient Chinese logic and had some inspiration for later generations' academic research and thinking methods. Although the Mohist school gradually declined after the Qin and Han Dynasties, in some periods, the concepts of equality and mutual assistance in their thoughts were still valued and referenced by some thinkers.
Legalists
Theoretical contribution: emphasizes the rule of law, advocates the use of strict laws to govern the country, and establishes a centralized system. His representative figure Shang Yang reformed the Qin State and passed a series of legal measures, such as abolishing the well-field system, rewarding farming and weaving, and promoting the county system, making the Qin State quickly become stronger.
Influence of later generations: It provided a theoretical basis for Qin to unify the whole country, and its rule of law idea also influenced the legal system construction of feudal dynasties in later generations. Although later feudal dynasties mostly adopted the "Confucianism outside and law inside" governance strategy, the concepts of legal provisions and legal implementation of the Legalists have been reflected in the legal systems of all dynasties.
Ancient Greek Axis
Representative characters and thoughts
Socrates
Know yourself: Turn philosophy from the study of nature to the study of man himself, emphasize "knowing yourself", and believe that man should constantly examine his soul and pursue wisdom and truth.
Moral and ethical concept: It proposes "knowledge is virtue", which believes that only when a person has real knowledge can he make correct moral judgments and behaviors, and ignorance is the root cause of evil deeds. Through dialogue, he explores various moral concepts with others, such as justice, courage, and moderation, which inspires people to think.
Dialectical method: Using a unique "midwifery" dialectic, helping people discover contradictions and mistakes in their own thoughts by constantly asking questions and guiding them to think, thus drawing correct conclusions. This method has produced a new approach to the development of later philosophy. It has an important influence.
Plato
Construction of the Ideal Country: The author of "The Ideal Country", in which an ideal city-state ruled by the "Philosopher King" is constructed. He divided the people in the city-state into three classes: rulers, guards and producers. Each class has its own specific duties and virtues, namely wisdom, courage and moderation, when these three classes perform their duties. At that time, the city-state achieved justice.
Ideological theory: proposes "ideological theory", believing that things in the real world are imitations and divisions of eternal and perfect ideas in the concept world. For example, the circle in reality is an imperfect imitation of the perfect circle in the concept world, and the concept world is the existence of reality, eternity and essence. This theory had a profound impact on the ontology and epistemology of later Western philosophy.
Aristotle
Encyclopedic contributions: As the culmination of ancient Greek philosophy, it has made important contributions in many fields such as logic, physics, ethics, politics, and biology. His works cover almost all the knowledge fields at that time, and played a foundational role in the establishment and development of the Western academic system in later generations.
Achievements of logic: Creating formal logic and proposing important logical reasoning methods such as syllogism, such as "Big premise: mortals will die; small premise: Socrates is a human; conclusion: Socrates will die." The establishment of formal logic provided an important tool for scientific research and philosophical thinking, and had a profound impact on the development of science and philosophy in later generations.
Ethical Thought: In terms of ethics, it is proposed that "happiness is the highest good", believing that happiness is not pleasure, but achieved through virtuous activities. He explores various virtues, such as courage, generosity, moderation, etc., and how to cultivate and practice these virtues in specific life situations.
Schools of thought and influence
Greek Philosophy
The foundation of Western philosophy: Greek philosophy is the source of Western philosophy. Its discussion on issues such as the essence of the world, human cognition, moral ethics, etc. has laid the foundation for the development of Western philosophy in later generations. Various philosophical schools in later generations, such as medieval scholastic philosophy, modern empiricism and rational theory, German classical philosophy, etc., were influenced by Greek philosophy to varying degrees.
Inspired by scientific thinking: Greek philosophers’ rational thinking and exploratory spirit of natural phenomena inspired the development of Western science. For example, Aristotle's research methods and theories in the fields of physics, biology, etc. provided important reference for later scientific research. Although some of these views are not accurate to modern science, the method he advocates to understand the world through observation, analysis and reasoning has become an important paradigm of scientific research.
Greek literature
Literary style shaping: Greek literature represented by "Homera's Epic" has a profound impact on the creative style of Western literature, its grand narrative structure, rich character image shaping and praise of heroism. Many literary works in later generations, such as Virgil's "Aeneid" and Dante's "Divine Comedy", have borrowed to a certain extent the narrative techniques and themes of "Homera's Epic".
Literary theme inheritance: The themes of love, war, destiny, etc. shown in Greek literature have become classic themes that are constantly interpreted and deepened by Western literature. For example, many of Shakespeare's dramatic works revolve around the conflict between love and destiny, and have a consistent connection with Greek literature.
Greek art
Architectural model: Greek architecture has become a model of Western art with its unique style, such as the Parthenon. Its architectural proportions are harmonious and beautiful in shape, and uses column structures to embody the aesthetic principles of symmetry and balance. This architectural style had a profound impact on the development of Western architecture in later generations, and the shadow of Greek architectural style can be seen in the European Renaissance and later neoclassical architecture.
Sculpture Art: Greek sculpture emphasizes the idealized proportions and dynamic beauty of the human body, and focuses on the delicate portrayal of the characters' expressions and postures. For example, "The Discus Thrower", which vividly displays the power and beauty of the human body. The artistic style and expression techniques of Greek sculpture set a benchmark for the development of Western sculpture art in later generations and influenced the creation of many artists such as Michelangelo.
Ancient India Axis
Representative characters and thoughts
Sakyamuni
The Four Noble Truths: The founder of Buddhism proposed the theory of the "Four Noble Truths", namely the truth of suffering, the truth of accumulation, the truth of extinction, and the truth of path. The truth of suffering points out that life is full of pain, such as birth, old age, illness, death, love separation, meeting with enemies and hatred, and inability to obtain; the truth of accumulation analyzes the causes of pain, such as greed, anger, and ignorance, and other troubles and karma; the truth of extinction reveals By eliminating afflictions and karma, you can reach the state of liberation of Nirvana; the truth of the path points out the method of practice leading to Nirvana, namely the "Eight Right Paths", including correct view, correct thinking, correct speech, correct career, correct life, correct diligence, and correct mindfulness , , steadfast.
Twelve links of dependent origination: Advocating the "twelve links of dependent origination" theory, which explains the cause and effect relationship of life flowing, starting from ignorance, and then goes through action, consciousness, name and form, six sense organs, touch, feeling, love, attachment, existence, birth, old age and death in turn. , forming a chain of causal cycles, explaining the root cause of sentient beings suffering in the cycle of life and death.
Practice and Liberation: It is believed that through practice and following the "Eight Right Path", you can get rid of the pain of life and death, reach the state of Nirvana, and obtain spiritual liberation and eternal happiness.
Upanishad thinker
Discussion on the relationship between Brahma and I: Upanishads are an important classic of ancient Indian philosophy, and the thinkers in it deeply explore the relationship between Brahma and I. Brahma is regarded as the highest ontology and ultimate reality of the universe, while I (individual soul) is the embodiment of Brahma in the individual. They pursue the state of "Brahma and Self-Unity", believing that when an individual can realize that the essence of self and Brahma is the same, they can achieve liberation.
Philosophical thought influence: The Upanishad thought had a profound impact on the development of Indian philosophy and laid the foundation for later philosophical schools such as the Vedanta school. His thinking about the nature of the self and the universe, and his pursuit of spiritual liberation have become the core themes of Indian philosophy and run through the development process of Indian philosophy.
Religion and Philosophy Development
Buddhism
Doctrine spread: After the rise of ancient India, Buddhism gradually spread to many parts of Asia. In the 3rd century BC, Ashoka strongly promoted Buddhism, which made it widely spread in India and began to spread to neighboring countries and regions.
Cultural influence: It has an important impact on the cultural, artistic and social life of East and Southeast Asian countries. In terms of culture, Buddhist classics and doctrines are translated and spread and integrated into the local ideological and cultural system; in the field of art, Buddhist art forms such as architecture, sculpture, and painting have taken root and sprouted in various places, such as the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, China and Japan Toda Temple, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, etc. are all treasures of Buddhist art; in social life, Buddhist concepts such as compassion, equality, and non-killing have influenced people's code of conduct and moral concepts.
Hinduism
Religious Development: Developed on the basis of ancient Brahmanism, it combines a variety of beliefs and customs. Hinduism emphasizes the authority of the Vedic scriptures and believes in many gods, such as Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, etc., forming a complex mythological system and religious rituals.
Social impact: Becoming the main religion in India has had a profound impact on the caste system, ethics and other aspects of Indian society. The caste system was strengthened with the support of Hindu doctrines, and different castes assumed different responsibilities and obligations in society; Hindu ethical and moral concepts, such as karma, reincarnation, etc., profoundly influenced the daily life and behavioral norms of Indians.
Axial Age of the Middle East (Hebrew Civilization)
Religious classics and thoughts
The Hebrew Bible was formed: that is, the Old Testament, which is an important classic of Hebrew civilization, and its contents were gradually formed and improved during this period. It contains the Book of the Law, the Book of Prophets, the Records of the Holy Book, and other parts, recording the history, religious beliefs, moral norms of the Hebrew nation.
Unitological thought: contains strict monotheistic thought, emphasizing that God, Jehovah, is the only God, the creator and master of all things in the universe. God made a contract with the Hebrew nations, requiring them to obey the law and fulfill their faith and worship of God.
The concept of voters: The concept of voters is proposed, and the Hebrew nation is God’s chosen people, and is given a special mission and responsibility, and to spread God’s will in the world, obey God’s law, so as to obtain God’s blessing and redemption.
Influence on later religions
Christian Foundation: It provides an important foundation for the emergence and development of Christianity. Christianity inherited part of the Hebrew Bible, called it the Old Testament, and developed the New Testament on this basis, forming a complete Christian doctrine system. Christian concepts of God, redemption ideas, moral ethics, etc. are closely related to Hebrew civilization.
Islamic connection: Islam is also influenced by Hebrew civilization. Islam recognizes some prophets in the Hebrew Bible, such as Abraham, Moses, etc., who believe that they are messengers of God. In the teachings and beliefs of Islam, monotheistic thoughts and awe of God can also be seen similar to Hebrew civilization. The religious thoughts and values of Hebrew civilization have influenced the religious beliefs, ethics and social life in the West and the Middle East through the spread of Christianity and Islam.
Comparison of ideas in the Axial Era
Commonality
Pay attention to the fate of mankind: thinkers of all civilizations pay close attention to the fate and meaning of human beings themselves, and think about issues such as the status of mankind in the universe, the purpose and value of life. For example, Chinese Confucianism pursues "cultivating oneself, managing the family, governing the country, and pacifying the world" to achieve the unity of personal value and social value; ancient Greek philosophers explore the essence and ways to achieve happiness; ancient Indian Buddhism pursues liberation from suffering and reaching the state of Nirvana; The Bible civilization seeks redemption and eternal life through faith in God.
Attach importance to moral ethics: everyone regards moral ethics construction as an important issue. Chinese Confucianism advocates "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and trustworthiness" to regulate people's behavior and social order; ancient Greek philosopher Socrates emphasized that "knowledge is virtue", and Plato proposed the four aspects of justice, courage, moderation and wisdom. Great virtue; the "Five Precepts" of ancient Indian Buddhism (no killing, no stealing, no adultery, no lying, no alcohol) and Hindu moral codes restrict the behavior of believers; in the Hebrew Bible of Hebrew civilization The law contains many moral norms, such as the "Ten Commandments", which teaches people to fear God, respect their parents, not to kill people, not to steal, etc.
Responding to social change: They all arise during the period of social change, aiming to solve the social problems faced at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, rituals and music were broken, and the princes were in conflict. Various schools of thought put forward their respective concepts of governing the country and social ideals; the development and change of the ancient Greek city-state system triggered philosophers' thinking on political systems and social structures; The social contradictions under the Indian caste system prompted thinkers such as Sakyamuni to seek a way to liberation; in the political, economic and cultural changes in the Middle East, Hebrew civilization gathered national strength through religious thoughts to meet external challenges.
difference
China: Focus on the construction of interpersonal relationships and social order. Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core, emphasizes the ethical relationship between people, regulates social order through "ritual", pays attention to the concept of family and family, and advocates the isomorphism of family and country. Although Taoism pursues individual spiritual freedom, it also pays attention to the natural harmony of society and opposes excessive human intervention.
Greece: Focus on the exploration of nature and knowledge. Greek philosophers are enthusiastic about the study of natural sciences and philosophical theories, and are committed to understanding the essence and laws of the world through rational thinking and logical reasoning. In terms of political thought, we pay more attention to the rights and obligations of citizens under the city-state system and pursue the political concept of democracy and the rule of law.
Ancient India: Focus on liberation from suffering and spiritual practice. Both Buddhism and Hinduism take the liberation of life suffering and the realization of spiritual liberation and transcendence as their core goals. Through meditation, practice and other methods, we pursue inner peace and spiritual sublimation, and we have relatively weak pursuit of material things in the real world, and emphasize spiritual awareness.
Middle East: Emphasize faith and religious laws in the only God. Hebrew civilization was based on absolute belief in God, and religious laws dominated social life. People express their piety to God by obeying the law and performing religious rituals, and obtain God’s redemption and guidance. Religious beliefs have profoundly influenced the political, economic and cultural life of society.
Axial Age Influence
Cultural inheritance: The classic works of various civilizations have become the source of cultural development in later generations and are constantly interpreted, explained and inherited. The Chinese Confucian classics "The Analects of Confucius", "Mencius", "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean" have become the objects of learning and research by intellectuals throughout the ages, and Confucianism has also been inherited and promoted through education, imperial examinations and other systems. Ancient Greek philosophical works, such as Plato's "The Ideal Country" and Aristotle's "Political Science", provided an important theoretical basis for the development of Western philosophy and social sciences, and were repeatedly studied and referenced by later scholars. Buddhist scriptures and uprights from ancient India played a key role in the cultural heritage of India and neighboring countries, and influenced the local fields of religion, philosophy, literature, art, etc. The Hebrew Bible of Hebrew civilization is an important source of classics for Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and has had a profound impact on the religious and cultural heritage in the West and the Middle East.
Social development: Provides theoretical support for the construction of social systems and the formation of value systems in different regions. China's Confucianism became the orthodox idea of the feudal dynasty, which influenced the development of political system, education system, ethics and morality, and shaped the basic form of traditional Chinese society. The democratic political concepts and rule of law in ancient Greece had an important impact on the development of Western political systems in later generations. For example, the parliamentary system and electoral system in the modern West can be traced back to the political practice of ancient Greece. The religious thoughts and caste system of ancient India influenced each other and jointly shaped the structure and values of Indian society. The religious laws and moral norms of Hebrew civilization had an important impact on the social order and code of conduct of the Jewish nation and the areas affected by it, and became an important force in maintaining social stability and national identity.
Global exchange: In the communication and collision of different civilizations, different ideas have enriched the treasure house of human thoughts and promoted the development of diverse cultures. With the development of trade routes such as the Silk Road, cultural exchanges between China, India and the Middle East and Europe are becoming increasingly frequent. Buddhism was introduced to China from India and integrated with Chinese local culture to form Buddhist sects with Chinese characteristics, such as Zen and Pure Land Buddhism, and also had a profound impact on Chinese philosophy, literature, art, etc. In the process of translating and spreading ancient Greek and Roman cultures, the Arabs combined these cultures with Arab culture to form a unique Arab culture and spread them to Europe, which had an important influence on the Renaissance movement in Europe. The exchange of ideas between different civilizations not only promotes the development of their respective cultures, but also promotes the overall progress of human civilization, making world culture present a diversified development pattern.