Core idea: "Benevolence" is the core of its thoughts, advocating "benevolent loves others", emphasizing that people should care, respect and tolerate each other. "Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you" is a specific method to achieve "benevolence". Starting from oneself, you should follow yourself and others.

Political proposition: It is proposed to "govern with virtue", and believes that rulers should be based on morality, implement moral governance, care for the people, so that they can win the hearts of the people and consolidate their rule.

Educational contribution: The first private school to break the monopoly of education by the aristocracy at that time. He advocated that "there is no distinction between education". No matter high or low, rich or poor, everyone should have the right to receive education. He cultivated seventy-two Confucius wise men such as Zigong and cultivated a large number of talents for the society.

The philosophy of Tao: The founder of Taoism advocated that "Tao" is the origin and essence of all things in the universe, "having things mixed together, born in heaven and earth." Tao is an existence beyond human perception and understanding, and it governs the operating laws of the universe. .

Governance by inaction: In politics, the advocacy of "governance by inaction" is not to do nothing, but to not intervene excessively, so that things can develop naturally, "govern a big country, if you cook a small fresh food", the government should reduce excessive interference in people's lives , let the society run naturally and harmoniously.

Dialectical thought: It has a simple dialectical thought, such as "Good is hidden by misfortune, and misfortune is relying on good fortune", and realizes that things contain two aspects that are opposite and mutually transformed. This idea regards problems for later generations of Chinese people. The way it has had a profound impact.

The idea of ​​benevolent government: A representative of Confucianism inherited and developed Confucius' thoughts, advocated "benevolent government", and believed that rulers should protect the people like they care for their own children, reduce taxes, and safeguard people's livelihood.

People-oriented concept: put forward the idea of ​​"the people are more important than the king" and emphasizes that the people's status is higher than that of the monarch, and the country should take the interests of the people as the foundation. This idea has important progressive significance in the feudal era.

Theory of Human Nature: Emphasizing that human nature is inherently good, believing that human beings are born with "four ends", namely compassion, shame, and verbal verbal. Through acquired education and cultivation, good nature can be developed and moralized people .

Pursuing spiritual freedom: an important representative of Taoist thought, pursuing absolute freedom of individual spirit, such as the "free and easy-going" realm, advocating the shackles of worldly fame, fortune, and right and wrong concepts, and reaching a spiritual realm that transcends reality.

Adapt to nature: Advocate to follow the laws of nature and oppose artificial deliberate creation. "The heaven and earth are born with me, and all things are one with me." People should live in harmony with nature and integrate into the great popularity of nature.

Unique literary style: The literary style is vast and unrestrained, and the imagination is unique. Fables such as "the ox of the butcher cuts down the ox" and "the Kunpeng spreads its wings" vividly and vividly explain profound philosophical principles.

Universal love is not attacked: The founder of the Mohist school advocates "universal love", that is, love everyone without distinction, and opposes Confucianism's concept of benevolence. Based on the idea of ​​universal love, we proposed "non-attack", opposed aggressive wars, and advocated peace.

The idea of ​​advancing virtuous people: advocates "advocating virtuous people", and believes that the selection of talents should be regardless of their origins, and only talent is to allow talented people to govern the country. This idea reflects the desire of small producers to participate in politics at that time.

Practical Technology and Logic: Pay attention to practical technology. Most of the members of the Mohist school are handicraftsmen and master rich production technologies. For example, Mozi once competed with the Gongshu Class on offensive and defensive equipment. At the same time, the Mohist school made important contributions to logical thinking. His book "Mo Jing" contains rich logical ideas and discusses logical methods such as concepts, judgments, and reasoning.

Established orthodox status: During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "abolishing all schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was adopted, and Confucianism became the orthodox idea of ​​feudal society.

Far-reaching influence: The feudal dynasty that lasted for more than two thousand years in China has profoundly influenced political concepts, such as rulers of all dynasties governing the country with Confucian moral governance and benevolent political thoughts as guidance; in the education system, Confucian classics became the main teaching content, and the imperial examination was The main examination content is based on the Confucian classics; in terms of social ethics, the "Three Bonds and Five Constant Persons" advocated by Confucianism has become the norm and norm for people's behavior, affecting the construction of family relations and social order.

Influence of philosophy of life: Taoist thought has influenced the philosophy of life of the Chinese. When people face setbacks and difficulties, Taoist thoughts on "inaction" and "comply with nature" provide people with a detached mentality and way of dealing with it.

Literary and artistic contributions: In literary and artistic creation, Taoism's idea of ​​pursuing nature and advocating freedom has influenced the style of artistic forms such as poetry, painting, and calligraphy. Many literati and poets use Taoist thought as inspiration to pursue the natural artistic conception and spiritual freedom in their works. For example, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems reflect their love for nature and yearning for free life.

Influence at that time: Mohist thought had a wide influence during the Warring States Period, especially among handicraftsmen and lower class people. Its thought of both love and non-aggression reflected the people's desire for peace and equality.

Inspired by later generations: Its logical thought laid the foundation for the development of ancient Chinese logic and had some inspiration for later generations' academic research and thinking methods. Although the Mohist school gradually declined after the Qin and Han Dynasties, in some periods, the concepts of equality and mutual assistance in their thoughts were still valued and referenced by some thinkers.

Theoretical contribution: emphasizes the rule of law, advocates the use of strict laws to govern the country, and establishes a centralized system. His representative figure Shang Yang reformed the Qin State and passed a series of legal measures, such as abolishing the well-field system, rewarding farming and weaving, and promoting the county system, making the Qin State quickly become stronger.

Influence of later generations: It provided a theoretical basis for Qin to unify the whole country, and its rule of law idea also influenced the legal system construction of feudal dynasties in later generations. Although later feudal dynasties mostly adopted the "Confucianism outside and law inside" governance strategy, the concepts of legal provisions and legal implementation of the Legalists have been reflected in the legal systems of all dynasties.

Know yourself: Turn philosophy from the study of nature to the study of man himself, emphasize "knowing yourself", and believe that man should constantly examine his soul and pursue wisdom and truth.

Moral and ethical concept: It proposes "knowledge is virtue", which believes that only when a person has real knowledge can he make correct moral judgments and behaviors, and ignorance is the root cause of evil deeds. Through dialogue, he explores various moral concepts with others, such as justice, courage, and moderation, which inspires people to think.

Dialectical method: Using a unique "midwifery" dialectic, helping people discover contradictions and mistakes in their own thoughts by constantly asking questions and guiding them to think, thus drawing correct conclusions. This method has produced a new approach to the development of later philosophy. It has an important influence.

Construction of the Ideal Country: The author of "The Ideal Country", in which an ideal city-state ruled by the "Philosopher King" is constructed. He divided the people in the city-state into three classes: rulers, guards and producers. Each class has its own specific duties and virtues, namely wisdom, courage and moderation, when these three classes perform their duties. At that time, the city-state achieved justice.

Ideological theory: proposes "ideological theory", believing that things in the real world are imitations and divisions of eternal and perfect ideas in the concept world. For example, the circle in reality is an imperfect imitation of the perfect circle in the concept world, and the concept world is the existence of reality, eternity and essence. This theory had a profound impact on the ontology and epistemology of later Western philosophy.

Encyclopedic contributions: As the culmination of ancient Greek philosophy, it has made important contributions in many fields such as logic, physics, ethics, politics, and biology. His works cover almost all the knowledge fields at that time, and played a foundational role in the establishment and development of the Western academic system in later generations.

Achievements of logic: Creating formal logic and proposing important logical reasoning methods such as syllogism, such as "Big premise: mortals will die; small premise: Socrates is a human; conclusion: Socrates will die." The establishment of formal logic provided an important tool for scientific research and philosophical thinking, and had a profound impact on the development of science and philosophy in later generations.

Ethical Thought: In terms of ethics, it is proposed that "happiness is the highest good", believing that happiness is not pleasure, but achieved through virtuous activities. He explores various virtues, such as courage, generosity, moderation, etc., and how to cultivate and practice these virtues in specific life situations.

The foundation of Western philosophy: Greek philosophy is the source of Western philosophy. Its discussion on issues such as the essence of the world, human cognition, moral ethics, etc. has laid the foundation for the development of Western philosophy in later generations. Various philosophical schools in later generations, such as medieval scholastic philosophy, modern empiricism and rational theory, German classical philosophy, etc., were influenced by Greek philosophy to varying degrees.

Inspired by scientific thinking: Greek philosophers’ rational thinking and exploratory spirit of natural phenomena inspired the development of Western science. For example, Aristotle's research methods and theories in the fields of physics, biology, etc. provided important reference for later scientific research. Although some of these views are not accurate to modern science, the method he advocates to understand the world through observation, analysis and reasoning has become an important paradigm of scientific research.

Literary style shaping: Greek literature represented by "Homera's Epic" has a profound impact on the creative style of Western literature, its grand narrative structure, rich character image shaping and praise of heroism. Many literary works in later generations, such as Virgil's "Aeneid" and Dante's "Divine Comedy", have borrowed to a certain extent the narrative techniques and themes of "Homera's Epic".

Literary theme inheritance: The themes of love, war, destiny, etc. shown in Greek literature have become classic themes that are constantly interpreted and deepened by Western literature. For example, many of Shakespeare's dramatic works revolve around the conflict between love and destiny, and have a consistent connection with Greek literature.

Architectural model: Greek architecture has become a model of Western art with its unique style, such as the Parthenon. Its architectural proportions are harmonious and beautiful in shape, and uses column structures to embody the aesthetic principles of symmetry and balance. This architectural style had a profound impact on the development of Western architecture in later generations, and the shadow of Greek architectural style can be seen in the European Renaissance and later neoclassical architecture.

Sculpture Art: Greek sculpture emphasizes the idealized proportions and dynamic beauty of the human body, and focuses on the delicate portrayal of the characters' expressions and postures. For example, "The Discus Thrower", which vividly displays the power and beauty of the human body. The artistic style and expression techniques of Greek sculpture set a benchmark for the development of Western sculpture art in later generations and influenced the creation of many artists such as Michelangelo.

The Four Noble Truths: The founder of Buddhism proposed the theory of the "Four Noble Truths", namely the truth of suffering, the truth of accumulation, the truth of extinction, and the truth of path. The truth of suffering points out that life is full of pain, such as birth, old age, illness, death, love separation, meeting with enemies and hatred, and inability to obtain; the truth of accumulation analyzes the causes of pain, such as greed, anger, and ignorance, and other troubles and karma; the truth of extinction reveals By eliminating afflictions and karma, you can reach the state of liberation of Nirvana; the truth of the path points out the method of practice leading to Nirvana, namely the "Eight Right Paths", including correct view, correct thinking, correct speech, correct career, correct life, correct diligence, and correct mindfulness , , steadfast.

Twelve links of dependent origination: Advocating the "twelve links of dependent origination" theory, which explains the cause and effect relationship of life flowing, starting from ignorance, and then goes through action, consciousness, name and form, six sense organs, touch, feeling, love, attachment, existence, birth, old age and death in turn. , forming a chain of causal cycles, explaining the root cause of sentient beings suffering in the cycle of life and death.

Practice and Liberation: It is believed that through practice and following the "Eight Right Path", you can get rid of the pain of life and death, reach the state of Nirvana, and obtain spiritual liberation and eternal happiness.

Discussion on the relationship between Brahma and I: Upanishads are an important classic of ancient Indian philosophy, and the thinkers in it deeply explore the relationship between Brahma and I. Brahma is regarded as the highest ontology and ultimate reality of the universe, while I (individual soul) is the embodiment of Brahma in the individual. They pursue the state of "Brahma and Self-Unity", believing that when an individual can realize that the essence of self and Brahma is the same, they can achieve liberation.

Philosophical thought influence: The Upanishad thought had a profound impact on the development of Indian philosophy and laid the foundation for later philosophical schools such as the Vedanta school. His thinking about the nature of the self and the universe, and his pursuit of spiritual liberation have become the core themes of Indian philosophy and run through the development process of Indian philosophy.

Doctrine spread: After the rise of ancient India, Buddhism gradually spread to many parts of Asia. In the 3rd century BC, Ashoka strongly promoted Buddhism, which made it widely spread in India and began to spread to neighboring countries and regions.

Cultural influence: It has an important impact on the cultural, artistic and social life of East and Southeast Asian countries. In terms of culture, Buddhist classics and doctrines are translated and spread and integrated into the local ideological and cultural system; in the field of art, Buddhist art forms such as architecture, sculpture, and painting have taken root and sprouted in various places, such as the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, China and Japan Toda Temple, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, etc. are all treasures of Buddhist art; in social life, Buddhist concepts such as compassion, equality, and non-killing have influenced people's code of conduct and moral concepts.

Religious Development: Developed on the basis of ancient Brahmanism, it combines a variety of beliefs and customs. Hinduism emphasizes the authority of the Vedic scriptures and believes in many gods, such as Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, etc., forming a complex mythological system and religious rituals.

Social impact: Becoming the main religion in India has had a profound impact on the caste system, ethics and other aspects of Indian society. The caste system was strengthened with the support of Hindu doctrines, and different castes assumed different responsibilities and obligations in society; Hindu ethical and moral concepts, such as karma, reincarnation, etc., profoundly influenced the daily life and behavioral norms of Indians.