Brand loyalty refers to the emotional dependence and trust consumers have on a certain brand, which makes them more inclined to choose the brand's products or services in purchasing decisions. Enterprises can establish and enhance brand loyalty by providing high-quality products or services, active brand communication and good user experience.

For example, Starbucks has won the love and trust of consumers by creating a comfortable store environment, providing high-quality coffee and personalized services, and actively participating in social welfare activities, and establishing a high degree of brand loyalty. Many consumers are willing to pay relatively high prices to enjoy the unique experience of Starbucks.

Brand premium ability means that a company can set prices higher than competitors for its products or services in the market with its strong brand image, thereby obtaining higher profits.

For example, Nike, as a world-renowned sports brand, often has higher product prices than other brands of the same type. Consumers are willing to pay higher prices for the Nike brand, not only because of the excellent product quality, but also because the sports spirit, fashion trends and brand image represented by the Nike brand meets consumers' emotional and psychological needs.

Patents are legal protections enjoyed by enterprises for their inventions and creations. Through patent applications, enterprises can legally monopolize a certain technology or product to prevent competitors from imitating and copying within a certain period of time.

For example, when pharmaceutical companies develop new drugs, they usually invest a lot of money and time. Once the new drug is successfully developed, the company will apply for patent protection in a timely manner. During the patent protection period, other companies are not allowed to produce and sell the same drugs without authorization, which allows pharmaceutical companies to exclusively occupy the profits of the drug in the market, recover R&D costs and obtain high returns.

Technology leadership refers to the company's continuous investment in R&D, continuous launch of new technologies and products, and maintaining its technological leadership in the industry, thereby providing customers with better quality and more efficient products or services.

For example, Intel has always maintained a technological leadership position in the field of computer chips, and has met the computer industry's demand for continuous improvement in chip performance by continuously developing and launching higher-performance chips. Intel's technological leadership has made it dominant in the chip market, and competitors are difficult to surpass in the near term.

Economy of scale refers to the fact that as the company's production scale expands, the fixed cost shared by a unit of product gradually decreases, thereby reducing the total cost of the company. Fixed cost refers to costs that do not change with the change of output, such as depreciation of factory equipment, salary of managers, etc.

For example, large automobile manufacturers need to invest a lot of money in the production process to purchase production equipment, build factories and develop new technologies. When the company's output is low, the cost of these fixed costs being allocated to each car will be very high; and when the company's output increases significantly, the cost of the fixed costs being allocated to each car will be significantly reduced, thereby reducing the company's unit production costs.

When large-scale enterprises purchase raw materials, parts and equipment, due to the large purchase volume, they have stronger bargaining power, and can negotiate with suppliers to obtain more favorable prices, better payment terms and better services, thereby reducing the company's procurement costs.

For example, Walmart, as one of the world's largest retailers, has established long-term and stable cooperative relationships with suppliers by purchasing various goods on a large scale. With its strong purchasing capabilities, Walmart has gained a huge competitive advantage in the retail market by purchasing high-quality goods at lower prices and then selling them to consumers at more competitive prices.

Efficient production process refers to the enterprise's optimization and improvement of all links in the production process, eliminating unnecessary waste and links, improving production efficiency and reducing production costs.

For example, the lean production model pioneered by Toyota Motor Company has achieved efficient operation of the production process through on-time production, automation, and Kanban management methods, reducing waste such as inventory backlog and production stagnation, improving product quality and production efficiency, and reducing production costs. Toyota's lean production model has become a model for global manufacturing learning.

Supply chain management refers to the company's systematic planning, coordination and control of the entire supply chain process from raw material procurement, production and manufacturing, product sales to after-sales service, so as to achieve efficient operation of the supply chain, reduce costs, and improve the overall operational efficiency of the company.

For example, Apple has established close cooperative relationships with suppliers around the world and optimized the supply chain layout, achieving timely supply of raw materials, efficient collaboration in the production process and rapid product delivery. Apple's supply chain management not only ensures the quality and supply stability of products, but also reduces inventory and transportation costs, and improves the operational efficiency and competitiveness of the company.

Customer habits refer to the usage habits and behavior patterns that customers gradually form during the long-term use of the company's products or services. This habit causes customers to face certain difficulties and inconveniences when changing products or services, thereby increasing the customer's conversion costs.

For example, as a social software, WeChat has become an indispensable part of people's daily life. Users are accustomed to using WeChat for instant messaging, social sharing, payment transfer and other functions, and have established a huge social relationship network on WeChat. If users want to replace other social software, they not only need to learn how to use the new software, but also may face the risk of losing contact with the original social circle, so most users will choose to continue using WeChat.

Psychological dependence refers to the customer's emotional dependence and trust in the company's products or services, believing that the product or service can meet some of their psychological needs, thus causing psychological resistance when changing products or services.

For example, some consumers are psychologically dependent on specific brands of cosmetics, who believe that these brands of cosmetics can better meet their skin care needs, and using these brands of cosmetics can make themselves feel more confident and comfortable. Even if similar products from other brands appear on the market, these consumers are often reluctant to try to replace them easily because they are worried that the new brand's products will not meet their expectations.

For some complex products or services, customers need to spend a lot of time and effort to learn and master their usage methods and techniques. This learning cost makes customers face greater difficulties when changing products or services, thereby increasing their conversion costs.

For example, enterprise-level software systems such as ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems usually have complex functions and operational processes, and enterprise employees need to go through long-term training and practice to master their usage methods. If an enterprise wants to replace an ERP system, it not only needs to repurchase software and hardware equipment, but also needs to retrain employees, which will take a lot of time and cost, so the enterprise will be very cautious when replacing an ERP system.

Training costs refer to the training costs and time costs that an enterprise invests in order to enable employees to be proficient in using specific products or services. When a company needs to replace a product or service, it often requires retraining its employees, which will increase the company's training costs and operating costs.

For example, a company uses a brand of office software, and employees are already familiar with the operational procedures and functions of the software. If a company wants to replace office software from other brands, it needs to retrain employees to familiarize themselves with how to use the new software. This not only costs a lot of training costs, but may also affect the work efficiency of employees. Therefore, companies will comprehensively consider factors such as training costs when replacing office software.

Network effect means that as the number of users increases, the value of the product or service will also increase, thereby attracting more users to use it and forming a positive feedback loop.

For example, the more users the social platform Facebook has, the more friends, family and colleagues the users can find on the platform, and the richer social interaction and information sharing on the platform, which makes Facebook more attractive to users, thereby attracting more users to join. As the number of users continues to increase, Facebook's advertising value continues to increase, and companies are willing to place more advertisements on Facebook, which further increases Facebook's revenue and resources, allowing it to continuously optimize and improve products and services, attract more users, and form a virtuous positive feedback loop.

As the user scale continues to grow, the company's share in the market will gradually expand. In a market with network effects, leading companies are often able to quickly occupy market share with their huge user base and form a monopoly or oligopoly market structure.

For example, in China's instant messaging market, WeChat has attracted a large number of users with its first-mover advantage and powerful social functions. With the increasing number of users, WeChat's market share continues to expand, and gradually becomes the leader of China's instant messaging market. Due to the small user base, other competitors are difficult to compete with WeChat in the market, and their market share is gradually being compressed.

Ecosystem construction refers to the company building an interrelated and collaborative ecosystem by integrating multiple business areas, providing users with more comprehensive and convenient products and services, and improving user stickiness and loyalty.

For example, Alibaba has built a huge business ecosystem covering multiple business areas such as e-commerce, finance, logistics, and cloud computing. In this ecosystem, Taobao and Tmall provide users with rich product choices, Alipay provides users with convenient payment services, Cainiao Network provides users with efficient logistics and distribution services, and Alibaba Cloud provides enterprises with powerful cloud computing and big data services. These businesses work together to form a complete business closed loop, providing users with a comprehensive service experience and improving users' stickiness and loyalty.

In the process of building an ecosystem, enterprises need to establish close cooperative relationships with many partners to jointly build a prosperous ecosystem. Partners can include suppliers, service providers, developers, entrepreneurs, etc., and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results through resource sharing and complementary advantages.

For example, Apple has built a huge application ecosystem by working with software developers around the world. Software developers can publish their own developed applications in Apple's app store, providing Apple users with a wide range of application choices. Apple has achieved mutual benefit and win-win results with software developers by collecting in-app purchases and advertising revenue. At the same time, Apple has also established close cooperative relationships with suppliers to ensure the stable supply of raw materials and the quality control of products.

With the continuous changes in the market and the continuous upgrading of consumer demand, enterprises need to continue to pay attention to market dynamics and changes in consumer demand, and timely develop and launch new products to meet new market demand.

For example, as people's health awareness continues to increase, the demand for healthy food is also increasing. Some food companies have captured this market trend in a timely manner, developed and launched various low-sugar, low-fat, and high-fiber healthy foods, meeting consumers' needs for a healthy diet, thus gaining a competitive advantage in the market.

Enterprises must not only meet market demand, but also lead the industry's development trends and create new market demands through innovative products. This requires companies to have keen market insight and forward-looking strategic vision, dare to break through traditional thinking, and make bold innovations and attempts.

For example, Tesla's innovation in the electric vehicle field not only meets consumers' demand for environmentally friendly and energy-saving cars, but also leads the development trend of the global automobile industry's transformation to electrification. Tesla has changed people's perception of traditional cars by continuously developing and launching high-performance electric cars, advanced autonomous driving technology and convenient charging networks, stimulated consumers' interest and demand for electric cars, and promoted the development of the entire electric vehicle industry.

Business model innovation refers to the company's innovative business models, opening up new market areas and finding new business growth points. This can be achieved by changing the delivery methods of products or services, target customer groups, profit models, etc.

For example, the emergence of the sharing economy model has integrated and shared idle resources through the Internet platform, providing users with more convenient and efficient services, and also opening up new market areas. The emergence of sharing economy models such as shared bicycles, shared cars, and shared offices has met people's diverse needs in travel, office, etc., and has created new business opportunities.

Business model innovation can also improve the competitiveness of the company by optimizing the operational efficiency of the company, reducing costs and improving the company's competitiveness. This can enable digitalization, intelligence and automation of enterprise operations by introducing new technologies, processes and management methods.

For example, some e-commerce companies have achieved precise marketing, intelligent warehousing and logistics distribution by introducing technologies such as big data analysis and artificial intelligence, which has improved operational efficiency, reduced costs, and improved user experience. At the same time, these companies have also achieved collaborative innovation and common development by optimizing supply chain management and establishing close cooperative relationships with suppliers.

Quality service is the key to improving customer satisfaction. Enterprises need to provide customers with all-round and personalized services, from pre-sales consultation, in-sales service to after-sales service, they must be timely, professional and thoughtful to meet customers' needs and expectations.

For example, Haidilao is famous all over the world for its high-quality services. When dining at Haidilao, customers can not only enjoy delicious hot pot, but also experience meticulous services, such as free manicure, shoe polishing services, intimate children's play area, and a fast-responsive service team. Haidilao's high-quality service has won high recognition and praise from customers and improved customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Personalized experience refers to the company providing customers with customized products or services based on their personalized needs and preferences, meeting customers' unique needs and enhancing their experience and satisfaction.

For example, some clothing brands provide customers with tailor-made clothing by introducing 3D measurement technology and personalized customization services. Customers can customize clothing that meets their needs based on their body size, style preferences and fabric choices. This personalized experience not only improves customer satisfaction, but also enhances customer recognition and loyalty to the brand.

The membership system is one of the common means for enterprises to cultivate customer loyalty. Enterprises can provide members with exclusive discounts, services and privileges by establishing a membership system, attract customers to become members and continue to consume.

For example, the airline's frequent flyer program provides members with privileges such as mileage accumulation, priority boarding, and free upgrades, and encourages members to take more flights to the airline. While enjoying these privileges, members will gradually develop loyalty to the airline and prefer to choose the airline when choosing a flight.

Community construction refers to the creation of a customer community by enterprises, providing customers with a platform for communication and interaction, enhancing the connection and sense of belonging between customers, and also providing a channel for communication and interaction between enterprises and customers.

For example, Xiaomi’s Mi Fan community has gathered a large number of Xiaomi users. In the community, users can share their experiences and experiences in using Xiaomi products, put forward suggestions and opinions, and participate in product research and development and improvement. Through interaction and communication with users, Xiaomi company understands users' needs and feedback, continuously optimizes products and services, and also enhances users' sense of identity and loyalty to the Xiaomi brand.

A strategic alliance refers to two or more enterprises that share and cooperate in resources, technology, markets, etc. through signing cooperation agreements in order to achieve common strategic goals. Resource sharing can enable enterprises to make full use of their partners' advantageous resources, make up for their own shortcomings, achieve complementary advantages, and improve the competitiveness of enterprises.

For example, if automobile manufacturers establish strategic alliances with battery suppliers, automobile manufacturers can obtain stable battery supply to ensure the smooth progress of automobile production; battery suppliers can obtain technical support and market channels from automobile manufacturers to improve battery R&D level and market share. Through resource sharing, the two parties have reduced costs, improved production efficiency, and enhanced market competitiveness.

In market competition, enterprises face various risks, such as technology research and development risks, market development risks, policy risks, etc. Through strategic alliances, companies can share these risks with their partners, reducing the risk pressure of individual companies.

For example, in the field of new drug research and development, R&D costs are high, long cycles and high risks. Pharmaceutical companies often establish strategic alliances with scientific research institutions or other pharmaceutical companies to jointly invest R&D resources, share R&D results, and share the risks of R&D failure. In this way, even if there is setbacks during the R&D process, it will not cause a fatal blow to individual companies, which will help companies continue to explore in high-risk innovation fields.

Mergers and acquisitions are one of the important means for enterprises to achieve rapid expansion. By acquiring other companies, companies can quickly expand their scale, increase market share, and enhance industry influence.

For example, Meituan's acquisition of Mobike, with the help of Mobike's user base and offline operation capabilities, quickly expanded the field of travel services, further enriched its own business ecosystem, strengthened its competitiveness in the local life service market, and achieved economies of scale and synergy.

Enterprises can quickly acquire these core capabilities through mergers and acquisitions of companies with key resources such as core technologies, brands, talents, etc., and enhance their core competitiveness.

For example, Google acquired Android company with the purpose of obtaining Android company's mobile operating system technology to build its own competitive advantage in the mobile Internet field. This acquisition has quickly occupied an important position in the mobile operating system market, promoted the widespread application of Android systems worldwide, and laid a solid foundation for Google's subsequent expansion of mobile Internet business.