Traditional Chinese Literature Period (4th century BC-18th century)
Core mission
Annotation analysis of religious texts and philosophical literature
Major contributions
Ancient Greek philosopher Plato proposed the "arbitrary nature of language symbols"
Plato explores the relationship between language and thought in his dialogues
He proposed the view that there is no necessary connection between language symbols and the object referred to.
Ancient India Poletni completed the Sanskrit grammar system of "Eight Books" and established a root-suffix analysis model
Pontney's Eight Books is a culmination of Sanskrit grammar
This system has a profound impact on later Indian linguistics and European linguistics
The "primary school" system was formed in ancient China (text/phonetic rhyme/exembroidery)
"Elementary school" refers to the study of Chinese characters, phonetics, and exegesis
This system conducts in-depth research on the structure, pronunciation and meaning of Chinese characters
Comparative Linguistics of History (early 19th century-end 19th century)
Methodological breakthrough
Reconstructing the original native language through relative language comparison
Scholars began to compare the similarities of different languages to infer their common origins
Key Discovery
Grim's law reveals the evolution of Germanic consonants
Grim's law describes the systematic nature of consonant changes in Germanic language family
This law is of great significance to the development of historical linguistics
Schleicher proposed the theory of language lineage tree
Schleicher uses the construction of a linguistic tree to represent the relationship between languages
This theory provides a new perspective for language classification
The new grammar school establishes the principle of "no exceptions for pronunciation"
The new grammar school believes that the sound changes in language are regular, without exception
This principle promotes in-depth research on the laws of language change
Structural Linguistics (early 20th century-1950s)
Three major schools
Prague School (Photo Opposition Theory)
The Prague School emphasizes the concept of opposition between pronunciation and phoneme
This school has had an important influence on the development of phonetics
Copenhagen School (formal model of parametrics)
Copenhagen School is committed to semiotics research on language
They try to formalize and mathematical linguistic research
American School of Descriptive Studies (Distribution Analysis Method and Behavioralism View of Language)
The American School of Descriptive Focuses on Direct Observation and Recording of Language Facts
They emphasize the distribution characteristics of language and the influence of behaviorist psychology
Theoretical cornerstone
Saussure's "General Linguistics Tutorial" distinguishes language/verbal, synchronic/diachronic
Saussure proposed that linguistic research should distinguish between language systems and speech behaviors
He also distinguished the research perspectives of synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics
Transformation Generative Linguistics (1950s-1970s)
Revolutionary Theory
Chomsky proposes universal grammar and deep/surface structure
Chomsky believes that all human languages share a universal set of grammatical principles
He distinguished the deep and superficial structures of language and proposed the conversion rules
Establish a formal system of phrase structure rules and conversion rules
Chomsky describes the generation process of language through formal rules
This theoretical framework has had a profound impact on subsequent linguistic research
Influence
Promote the intersection of linguistics and cognitive science
The theory of conversion generative linguistics provides new research directions for cognitive science
Linguistics, psychology, neuroscience and other fields have begun to merge
Functionalism and Cognitive Linguistics (1970s-early 21st century)
System Function School
Hanlide constructs language metafunction theory (concept/interpersonal/discourse)
Han Lide believes that language has three meta-functions: concept, interpersonal and discourse.
His theory emphasizes the role of language in social interaction
Cognitive school
Lekoff proposes metaphorical cognitive model and image schema theory
Lekoff believes that metaphor is the basic way of human thinking
Image Schema Theory Explores How Space Concepts Influence Language and Thinking
Research Turn
Transfer from formal rules to language use and mental representation
Functionalism and cognitive linguistics focus on the practical use of language and the cognitive process
This shift promotes a deep understanding of language function and psychological mechanisms
Contemporary diversified development (21st century to present)
Interdisciplinary integration
Computational Linguistics (Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning)
Computational Linguistics uses computer science methods to study language
Natural language processing and deep learning technologies promote the development of language technology
Neurolinguistics (brain imaging and language processing mechanisms)
Neurolinguistics studies how the brain processes language information
Brain imaging technologies such as fMRI provide a new perspective for understanding language processing
Sociolinguistics (Language Variation and "Multi-level Outline of Generative Mind Maps;")
Sociolinguistics focuses on the variation and function of language in society
Study how language reflects and influences social structure and cultural identity
"Generating mind map multi-level outline" may refer to the exploration of the organization and presentation of complex information in linguistic research
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