Kinematics is an important concept in IGCSE physics. Motion is the core, distance and displacement describe changes in the position of an object, with distance being a scalar and displacement being a vector. Speed and speed are different, speed has direction. Acceleration reflects the speed of change. Motion diagrams can visually display the motion of objects, such as displacement time diagrams and velocity time diagrams. Through these concepts and charts, one can gain a deeper understanding of the laws of object motion, laying the foundation for subsequent physics learning.

The Continental War of Independence from 1857 to 1858 originated from British colonial policy, which sparked military and political discontent. Soldiers rebelled due to issues such as treatment and religion, while the public joined due to dissatisfaction with land and taxes. The war finally ended, and although Britain suppressed the uprising, its social impact was profound and national consciousness was awakened. Politically, Britain adjusted its ruling strategy, strengthened its control over India, and also promoted the continuous development of the Indian national liberation movement.

The Pitt India Act (1784) aimed to improve British control over India. The characteristic of the bill is to establish a dual management system and strengthen government supervision. But there are also limitations, such as incomplete restrictions on some of the powers of the East India Company. The bill restricted the power of the East India Company and weakened its commercial nature. The bill triggered different reactions, with the British government strengthening its control and the Indian people's resistance intensifying, laying the groundwork for the subsequent Indian national liberation movement.