“Mainstream development theory views development primarily as a linear progression from traditional to modern societies, emphasizing economic growth, industrialization, and integration into global markets.” (Rapley, 2002)

“Pembangunan dipandang sebagai proses multidimensional yang melibatkan perubahan dalam struktur sosial, sikap masyarakat, serta peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan distribusi output secara luas.” (Todaro & Smith, Economic Development, 2015)

“Pembangunan merupakan proses bertahap di mana setiap negara bergerak dari masyarakat tradisional menuju tahap konsumsi massal.” (Rostow, 1960)

“Narasi yang menempatkan dunia Barat sebagai model universal perkembangan.” (Escobar, Encountering Development, 1995)

Teori Modernisasi (1950-an - 1960-an)

Teori Neoliberalisme (1980-an - Sekarang)

teori alternatif atau kritik terhadap arus utama

Mbah, M., & Ojukwu, U. G. (2019). Modernization theories and the study of development today: A critical analysis. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 7(4), 01–07.

Tipps, D. C. (2000). Modernization theory and the comparative study of societies: A critical perspective. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 15(2), 199–222.

Omoera, O. S. (2019). Neo-colonial dependence and dualistic development in Africa: A dependency theory perspective. Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 14(1), 45–59.

Amin, S. (2025). Dependency theory and development policy in the 21st century context. Journal of Global South Studies, 42(3), 210–228.