Manage and schedule the storage space of files, and provide the logical structure, physical structure and storage method of files

Implement mapping of files and identifiers to actual addresses

Implement file control operations and access operations

Realize the sharing of file information and provide reliable file confidentiality and protection measures, and provide file security measures

The file system used by windWs9X system, including FAT16, FAT32

The NTFS file system is a security-based file system and a unique file system structure used by WindoWsNT. Win2000 uses an updated version of the NTFS file system NTFS5.0

Network file system for file sharing between UNIX systems over the network

RAW file system is a file system produced by unprocessed or unformatted disks.

The standard file system in the GNU/Linux system is characterized by excellent file access performance, especially for small and medium-sized files, including Ext2, Ext3, and Ext4.

A high-performance log file system, first developed by Silicon Graphics in 1993 for their IRIX operating system and later ported to the Linux kernel, it is particularly good at handling large files while providing smooth data transfer.

Increase available system memory space

Improve overall system performance

Many Linux distributions (such as ubuntu) rely on swap partitions for their hibernation functionality

swap partition

exchange files

Limit the space available to an app or user

Allows multiple booting of different operating systems from the same disk

Separate operating system and program files from user files

Create a separate area for operating system virtual memory swapping

Limit disk space usage to improve performance of diagnostic tools and backup images

primary partition

extended partition

The Master Boot Record (MasterBootRecord) partitioning scheme specifies how the disk should be partitioned on systems running BIOS firmware. It is a special boot sector that exists at the beginning of the drive.

If it is a SCSI interface hard disk, it can only have a maximum of 15 partitions (the extended partition cannot be used directly so it is not counted), of which a maximum of 4 primary partitions and a maximum of 12 logical partitions. An IDE interface hard disk can only have a maximum of 63 partitions (extended partitions cannot be used directly so they are not counted), of which a maximum of 4 primary partitions and a maximum of 60 logical partitions

Since partition size data is stored in 32-bit values, the maximum disk and partition size is limited to 2TB when partitioning using the MBR scheme.

fdisk partition tool

As hard drive capacity continues to grow, the 2TB disk and partition size limitations of the old MBR partition scheme are no longer a theoretical limit, but a practical problem encountered more and more often in production environments. Therefore, GP is Replace the traditional MBR solution for disk partitioning

GPT means GUID partition table. Each partition on the drive has a globally unique identifier (GUID). For systems running Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) firmware, GPT is arranged on the physical hard disk. Partition table standards

There is no distinction between primary partitions and logical partitions. Each hard disk can have up to 128 partitions. GPT allocates 64 bits to the logical block address, so it supports a maximum partition size of 18EB.

parted partition tool

The mkfs command is the abbreviation of makefilesystem, which is used to create a Linux file system in a specific partition.

Use the command: mount /dev/sda5 /test, which means to mount /dev/sda5 into the test directory. It will become invalid after restarting.

Using permanent mounting means that it will be automatically mounted when booting. Use vim to edit /etc/fstab

A file used to store static information of the file system. When the system starts, it will automatically read information from this file and automatically mount the file system specified in this file to the specified self-recording. In this way, we only need to Writing the disk's mounting information to this file eliminates the need to manually mount it every time the computer is turned on.

PhysicalExtents-PE with a unique number is the smallest unit that can be addressed by LVM. The size of the PE can be specified, and the default is 4MB. Once the PE size is determined, it cannot be changed. The PE size of all physical volumes in the same volume group is consistent.

Logical Extents--is the smallest storage unit that can be allocated in a logical volume. The size of the logical area depends on the size of the physical area in the volume group where the logical volume is located. In the same volume group, the size of LE and PE are the same. Usually one-to-one correspondence

PhysicalVolume--The bottom layer actually provides capacity and stores data. It can be the entire hard disk, a partition on the hard disk, etc.

VolumeGroup - built on physical volumes, it consists of one or more physical volumes, that is, the physical volumes are integrated to provide capacity allocation. An LVM system can have only one volume group or multiple volume groups.

LogicalVolume - A logical volume is built on a volume group. It is a piece of space "cut out" from the volume group. It is a logical device used by end users. After the logical volume is created, its size can be expanded or reduced.

When using logical volumes, the file system can be extended across multiple disks, you can aggregate multiple disks, or partition the disks into a single logical volume

You can use simple commands to expand or shrink logical volume size without reformatting or partitioning the disk device.

Data can be moved online, and data can be redistributed while the disk is online. For example, hot-swappable disks can be replaced online

Logical volumes can be named in any way

A logical disk can be generated, and its data can be striped and stored on 2 or more disks, which can significantly improve data throughput.

Logical volumes provide a convenient way to mirror data

Using logical volumes, you can obtain device snapshots for consistent backup or test data update effects without affecting the real data.