Wondershare EdrawMind
MindMap Gallery Chapter 10 Respiratory Diseases
- 320
Chapter 10 Respiratory Diseases
This is a mind map about Chapter 10: Respiratory System Diseases, including respiratory and pneumonia symptom diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Pneumoconiosis, etc.
Edited at 2024-04-11 21:39:30
- Avatar Character Relationship Chart
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
- Zootopia 2 Easter Egg
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
- Zootopia 2 Character Relationship Chart
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Chapter 10 Respiratory Diseases
- Avatar Character Relationship Chart
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
- Zootopia 2 Easter Egg
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
- Zootopia 2 Character Relationship Chart
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Chapter 10: Respiratory Diseases
Respiratory and Pneumonia Symptoms Disease
Rhinitis, sinusitis
rhinitis
acute rhinitis
acute viral rhinitis
In the early stage, the nasal mucosa is congested and edematous (nasal congestion), and serous fluid exudes
Subsequently, the proliferation and reproduction of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus that parasitize the nasal mucosa often transform viral rhinitis into mucopurulent inflammation, manifesting as purulent catarrh.
Mucosal epithelial cells adhere to each other and part of the epithelium falls off. The epithelium begins to regenerate after 2-3 days and is repaired and recovered after about two weeks.
allergic rhinitis
chronic rhinitis
chronic simple rhinitis
chronic hypertrophic rhinitis
chronic atrophic rhinitis
Specific rhinitis
sinusitis
Pathological changes
In acute serous catarrhal sinusitis, the nasal mucosal epithelium is still intact
When acute suppurative sinusitis develops, in addition to the infiltration of a large number of neutrophils in the intrinsic membrane layer of the sinus mucosa, there is also necrosis and shedding of mucosal epithelial cells.
In chronic sinusitis, the mucosa is thickened, the lamina propria is edematous, the blood vessel wall is thickened, the lumen is narrowed or even occluded, and there are more inflammatory cell infiltrates in the interstitium.
After acute suppurative sinusitis enters the chronic stage, part of the mucosa is destroyed, often accompanied by squamous metaplasia and granulation tissue formation. The lamina propria is significantly thickened, with a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cell infiltration.
Polyps may form locally
Complications: Osteomyelitis, orbital cellulitis, leptomeningitis, brain abscess, even sepsis
Pharyngitis, laryngitis
pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and lymphoid tissue. Acute pharyngitis is often a part of upper respiratory tract infection.
Chronic pharyngitis is caused by acute pharyngitis that persists and recurs.
chronic simple pharyngitis
chronic hypertrophic pharyngitis
chronic atrophic pharyngitis
laryngitis
acute laryngitis
Chronic laryngitis
chronic simple laryngitis
chronic proliferative laryngitis
Acute tracheobronchiolitis, bronchiolitis
acute tracheobronchitis
acute bronchiolitis
It refers to acute inflammation of bronchioles with a diameter less than 2 mm. It is common in infants and young children under 4 years old, especially those under one year old.
Pathological changes
pneumonia
bacterial pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Cause and pathogenesis
Cause: More than 90% are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pathogenesis: When exposed to cold, drunkenness, fatigue, or anesthesia, the defense function of the respiratory tract is weakened, and the body's resistance is reduced, which may easily cause bacteria to invade the alveoli and cause the disease. The pathogenic bacteria that enter the alveoli rapidly grow and multiply and trigger an allergic reaction in the lung tissue, causing the alveolar capillaries to dilate and increase permeability. Serum and fibrinogen leak out in large quantities and pass through the interalveolar pores or respiratory bronchioles together with the bacteria. Spread to adjacent lung tissue, affecting part or the entire hypertrophic lobe.
Pathological changes and clinicopathological connections
congestive edema stage
During this period, patients suffered from chills, high fever, and elevated peripheral blood white blood cell count due to toxemia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae can often be detected in exudate
Red hepatoid degeneration
The alveolar space contains a large amount of fiber, red blood cells, a small amount of neutrophils and macrophages
When the disease spreads to the pleura, it causes fibrinous pleurisy and chest pain, which can be aggravated by breathing and coughing.
More Streptococcus pneumoniae can still be detected in the exudate, and the sputum is rust-colored.
gray hepatoid stage
There are a large number of neutrophils in the fibrous network. Due to the compression of capillaries in the cell wall, red blood cells are rarely seen in the alveolar space.
Rust-colored sputum gradually turns to mucus
Dissolution and dissipation period
complication
Lung flesh changes
Pleural hypertrophy and adhesions: In lobar pneumonia, lesions often involve local pleura and are accompanied by fibrinous pleurisy.
Lung abscess and empyema
sepsis or septicemia
septic shock
Lobular pneumonia
Cause and pathogenesis
Cause: Mainly caused by purulent bacteria, acute purulent inflammation with pulmonary lobules as the lesion unit. Common pathogenic bacteria include: Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, etc.
The pathogenesis is similar to that of lobar pneumonia
Lobular pneumonia is often a complication of certain diseases, such as post-measles pneumonia, post-operative pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, and accumulation pneumonia.
Pathological changes
The lesion is characterized by purulent inflammation of the lung tissue centered on the bronchioles.
The pleura is usually not involved
X-ray examination shows irregular small flakes or spot-like fuzzy shadows scattered in the lungs.
Due to the presence of exudate in the bronchioles and alveolar spaces of the diseased area, wet rales may be heard during diagnosis.
Legionella pneumonia: an acute infectious disease caused by Legionella pneumophila infection and characterized by acute fibrinous suppurative inflammation of the lung tissue.
Viral pneumonia: often caused by the downward spread of upper respiratory tract viral infections. Common viruses causing this type of virus include influenza virus, followed by respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, etc.
Performance under the microscope
Mainly inflammation of the pulmonary interstitium rather than damage to the alveolar structure
Microscopic examination of viral pneumonia shows significant widening of the alveolar septa, interstitial edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and monocytes.
Massive fibrin exudation from the inner wall of the alveoli is seen in lobar pneumonia
Alveolar structural destruction and localized neutrophil infiltration are seen in lobular pneumonia
Viral inclusion bodies are the main basis for diagnosing viral pneumonia
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS, SARS): It is a viral pneumonia. Generally, hyaline membranes, viral inclusion bodies and interstitial inflammation can be seen. The exuding inflammatory cells are mainly lymphocytes and monocytes, and neutrophils are rare.
lung disease
Spleen and lymph node disease
Mycoplasma pneumonia: an interstitial pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
chronic bronchitis
Etiology and pathogenesis
Cause
external factors
viral and bacterial infections
smoking
Air pollution and allergy factors
internal cause
Reduced resistance
Impaired respiratory system defenses
endocrine dysfunction
Pathological changes
The mucus-ciliary drainage system of the respiratory tract is damaged, the ciliated columnar epithelium is deformed, necrotic and shed, the regenerated epithelial goblet cells increase, and squamous metaplasia occurs
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of submucosal glands and mucous gland metaplasia of serous epithelium, leading to increased secretion of mucus
Congestion and edema of the vessel wall, infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells
Smooth muscle rupture and atrophy in the wall, cartilage variability, atrophy or ossification
Clinical Pathology Contact P191
Repeated episodes of chronic bronchitis will inevitably lead to the gradual aggravation of the disease and the increasing number of involved bronchioles, which will eventually lead to fibrous thickening of the tube wall, lumen stenosis and even fibrous atresia. Inflammation easily expands to the tissues around the tube wall and alveoli, forming peribronchiolar inflammation.
Bronchial Asthma
Bronchiectasis: Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by persistent dilation of the lumen of small bronchi in the lungs and fibrous thickening of the walls. Clinical manifestations include chronic cough, large amounts of purulent sputum, and repeated hemoptysis. The disease can be limited to one lung segment or lobe, or it can involve both lungs, with the lower lobe of the left lung being the most common.
Emphysema
Etiology and pathogenesis
obstructive ventilatory disorder
Decreased elasticity of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar walls
Reduced levels of a1-antitrypsin
Due to the combined effect of the above factors, the residual air volume in the bronchioles and alveolar cavities continues to increase, and the pressure rises, causing the bronchioles to dilate, and the alveoli eventually rupture and fuse into large air-containing vesicles, forming emphysema.
type
Alveolar emphysema, also called obstructive emphysema
Central alveolar emphysema (the most common): The lesion is characterized by cystic dilation of the respiratory bronchioles located in the center of the lung acini, while the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs are not significantly dilated.
Periacinar emphysema (paraseptal emphysema): The disease is characterized by basically normal respiratory bronchioles, while the distal alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs surrounding them are dilated.
Pan-alveolar emphysema: common in young adults and patients with congenital a1-AT deficiency. The characteristic of the disease is that the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli are all expanded, and the small air-containing cystic cavities are filled with the lung acini.
Chronic bronchitis complicated by emphysema is the most common cause of pulmonary heart disease, accounting for 80%-90%
Interstitial emphysema: clusters of small air bubbles in the alveolar spaces
Other types of emphysema
paracicatric emphysema
compensated emphysema
Senile emphysema
Pathological changes (large, white, light, "poor elasticity"): During emphysema, the lung volume increases significantly, is gray-white in color, has blunt edges, is soft and lacks elasticity, and the indentation does not easily disappear after acupressure.
Pneumoconiosis
pulmonary silicosis
Etiology and pathogenesis
Pathological changes
Silicon nodules (the basic lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis)
diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue
Stages and pathological characteristics of silicosis
Stage 1 silicosis: The main manifestations are hilar lymph node enlargement, silicon nodule formation and fibrotic changes.
Stage 2 silicosis: The number and size of silicic nodules increases, accompanied by obvious pulmonary fibrosis. The weight and hardness of the lungs increase, the volume increases, and the pleura also thickens
Stage 3 silicosis: The density of silica nodules increases and merges with pulmonary fibrosis to form a mass.
complication
tuberculosis
chronic pulmonary heart disease
Lung infections and obstructive emphysema
Pulmonary asbestosis
Pathogenesis
Pathological changes
complication
malignant tumor
Tuberculosis and cor pulmonale
chronic pulmonary heart disease
Etiology and pathogenesis
Lung disease
Thoracic movement disorders
pulmonary vascular disease
Pathological changes
lung disease
Heart disease: Mainly lesions of the right ventricle, with hypertrophy of the ventricular wall and dilation of the ventricular cavity. The enlarged right ventricle occupies the apex of the heart and has a blunt and round appearance.
respiratory distress syndrome
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)
Common tumors of the respiratory system
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: It is the most common malignant tumor in the nasopharynx. It is highly malignant and usually poorly differentiated, especially poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. It is the most common and is sensitive to radiotherapy, but is prone to recurrence.
Cause
Epstein-Barr virus: closely related to nasopharyngeal cancer, the main evidence of which is the presence of EVB-DNA and nuclear antigen (EBNA) in tumor cells
Genetic factors: There are obvious regional characteristics, and some cases have obvious familial characteristics.
Chemical carcinogens: nitrite amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace element nickel are related to the incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer.
Pathological changes
Nasopharyngeal cancer most commonly occurs in the roof of the nasopharynx, followed by the lateral wall and pharyngeal recesses, and the anterior wall is the least common
Nodular type is the most common type of nasopharyngeal cancer, followed by cauliflower type
Histological type
squamous cell carcinoma
Differentiated squamous cell carcinoma: This type is the most common type of nasopharyngeal cancer and is closely related to Epstein-Barr virus infection
Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma)
nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma: rare, mainly from the columnar epithelium of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, but also from small glands in the nasopharynx
Diffusion pathway
spread directly
It can spread upward and destroy the bone at the base of the skull, invade the skull, and damage 2-4 pairs of cranial nerves.
Invades the piriform recess, epiglottis and upper larynx downward
Laterally, it can destroy the Eustachian tube and invade the middle ear.
It can spread forward to the nasal cavity and even the eye sockets
Backward can damage the upper cervical vertebrae and spinal cord
Lymphatic metastasis: Lymphatic metastasis often occurs in the early stage. Cancer cells metastasize to the deep upper cervical lymph nodes through the posterior pharyngeal wall lymph nodes. Patients often develop painless subcutaneous lesions at the junction of 1/3 and 2/3 of the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Nodules and cervical lymph nodes generally occur on the same side, and are rarely found on the contralateral side. Later, they may appear on both sides.
Hematogenous metastasis: occurs later and can often metastasize to organs and tissues such as liver, lungs, bones, kidneys, adrenal glands, and pancreas
Throat cancer
Pathological changes: Laryngeal cancer is divided into four types according to the anatomical location where it occurs.
vocal cord type
supraglottic type
transglottal
Subvocal cord type
Squamous cell carcinoma can be divided into three types according to the degree of development
carcinoma in situ
early invasive cancer
Invasive carcinoma
Diffusion pathway
Laryngeal cancer often invades and spreads under the mucosa and invades adjacent soft tissues. It can destroy the thyroid cartilage, soft tissue in front of the neck, and thyroid gland forward. It can involve the esophagus by spreading backward, and it can spread downward to the trachea.
Laryngeal cancer metastasis usually occurs late and often metastasizes to cervical lymph nodes via lymphatic channels, and is more common in the lymph nodes at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Hematogenous metastasis is less common and mainly metastasizes to the lungs, bones, liver, kidneys, etc.
lung cancer
Cause
smoking
air pollution
career factors
molecular genetic changes
Pathological changes
General type
Central type (hilar type) lung cancer occurs in the main bronchus or lobar bronchi and forms a mass in the hilus. This type is the most common.
Peripheral type
diffuse type
Early lung cancer and latent lung cancer
It is generally believed that if it occurs in the large bronchi above the segmental bronchi, it is called central early stage lung cancer. The cancer tissue is limited to the growth of the tube wall, including intraluminal type and wall invasive type. The latter does not break through the adventitia.
It occurs in the small bronchi and is a peripheral early-stage lung cancer. It is nodular in the lung tissue and is less than 2cm in diameter. There is no local lymph node metastasis.
Occult lung cancer generally means that there is no obvious mass in the lung, imaging examination is negative but sputum cytology examination is positive for cancer cells. The surgical resection specimen is pathologically confirmed to be bronchial mucosal carcinoma in situ or early invasive cancer without lymph node metastasis.
Histological type
Adenocarcinoma: The most common type of lung cancer in women, mostly non-smokers. Lung adenocarcinoma usually occurs in the epithelium of smaller bronchial tubes, so most (65%) are peripheral lung cancers. The mass is usually located under the pleura, has unclear boundaries, and often involves the pleura.
Squamous cell carcinoma: one of the most common types of lung cancer, mostly occurring in the large bronchi above the segment level
Keratinizing type (highly differentiated): keratinized beads are formed in the cancer nest, and intercellular bridges are often seen.
Non-keratinized type: no keratinized beads are formed, and intercellular bridges are difficult to see.
Basal cell type: The cancer cells are smaller and less mass, and the cancer cells around the cancer nest are arranged in a palisade-like pattern.
neuroendocrine cancer
large cell carcinoma
adenosquamous carcinoma
Diffusion pathway
spread directly
transfer
pleural disease
pleurisy
serous pleurisy
Fibrinous pleurisy
purulent pleurisy
Pleural mesothelioma
benign pleural mesothelioma
malignant pleural mesothelioma