MindMap Gallery Mining Engineering Metal Materials
This is a mind map about metal materials in mining engineering. The main content includes: types of metal material products and their applications, engineering materials, commonly used steel processing methods and technical requirements, characteristics and properties of commonly used steels, commonly used steels, and steel classifications. .
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Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
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Mining Engineering Metal Materials
Steel classification
chemical composition
Carbon steel: high or low carbon content
Low-carbon steel
Carbon steel
High-carbon steel
Alloy steel: What is the total amount of "alloying elements" contained?
Low-alloy steel
medium alloy steel
High alloy steel
Quality: Low content of sulfur and phosphorus impurities
Ordinary steel
High-quality steel: sulfur and phosphorus content are both less than 0.04%
Advanced quality steel
Molding method
forged steel
cast steel
hot rolled steel
cold drawn steel
use
structural steel
tool steel
Special Steel
Special steel
shape
Profile
plate
pipes
made from metal
Commonly used steel materials
Section steel: a. Divided into large, medium and small according to size; b. I-beam should not be used alone as an axial pressure or bidirectional bending member. Channel steel is a single symmetrical structure and is easily distorted when subjected to axial pressure or bending; c. The moments of inertia in the two main axes of the H-shaped steel are nearly equal, and the stress on the components is reasonable.
Steel bars (construction steel): a. Wire rods and hot-rolled straight bar materials with a wire diameter of 5-9mm, including ordinary wire rods and high-quality wire rods. b. The wire does not cover various steel wires
Other purpose steel
Special steel for mining
Mining I-beam: It is a specially designed I-beam with wide flange, small height and rear web. Can be used as beams and column legs
Special steel for mining (U-shaped steel): It can be made into a collapsible bracket with strong vertical and lateral bending resistance and good lateral stability.
Light rail: specially provided for underground 1~3T mine car transportation. It is used to make light supports in tunnel support, but its bearing capacity is poor.
other
Characteristics and properties of commonly used steel materials
advantage
1. High strength, plasticity, heat resistance and toughness
2. Uniform material and high working reliability
3. The steel structure is easy to manufacture, has a short construction period, and has good assembly properties.
4. Weldable, easy to connect and splice
5. It is impermeable and can be easily made into a closed structure.
6. Closer to homogeneous and isotropic bodies
shortcoming
Poor corrosion resistance
Heat-resistant but not fire-resistant
Poor thermal insulation effect
Easy to twist
Unique cold bridge problem
performance
Mechanical properties
Strength: The ability to resist permanent deformation and fracture due to external forces. There are three indicators: elastic modulus, yield strength, and tensile strength. Points: 1 tensile strength (an indicator of the strength of steel); 2 compressive strength; 3 bending strength; 4 shear strength; 5 torsional strength.
Plasticity: The ability to withstand permanent deformation before fracture under the action of load (external force). The permanent deformation of steel due to force is called plastic deformation.
Hardness: The ability of a steel surface to resist the intrusion of foreign objects in a local area. It is an important parameter for evaluating the wear and tear of components.
Cold bending performance: The ability to resist cracking when processed at room temperature, tested by the cold bending test
Toughness: a. Characterizes the impact resistance of steel; b. Good toughness means absorbing more energy when damaged under dynamic load, which can reduce the risk of brittle failure; c. The impact toughness of steel is affected by chemical composition, organizational state, smelting, Rolling quality and the effects of temperature and aging
Fatigue resistance: Under the repeated action of alternating loads, sudden failure occurs when the tensile strength is far less than the tensile strength, which is called fatigue failure. This is an important property for structures subjected to repeated loads.
Weldability: Qualified weld performance can be achieved using general welding processes, and the influence of welding heat on steel is evaluated.
Corrosion resistance: a. Poor corrosion resistance is a major weakness. b. Corrosion includes dry corrosion and wet corrosion (referring to corrosion under the influence of existing humidity); c. Anti-corrosion mainly uses anti-corrosion coatings, and also special corrosion-resistant steel (weather-resistant steel)
Commonly used steel processing methods and technical requirements
processing method
Cold working strengthening: cold drawing, cold drawing, and cold rolling at room temperature increase the yield strength but reduce the plasticity and toughness.
Age strengthening: After cold working, the yield strength and strength limit of steel gradually increase with time, and the plasticity and toughness gradually decrease.
Heat treatment, methods are: 1 annealing, 2 normalizing, 3 quenching, 4 tempering
Welding methods include: 1 resistance welding, 2 flash butt welding, 3 arc welding, 4 electroslag pressure welding, 5 air pressure welding, 6 embedded parts submerged arc welding
Reinforcement construction
substitution
a. Handle design change documents; b. Replacement of steel bars must be approved by the design unit; c. Steel bars that are not allowed to be replaced by regulations shall not be replaced at will; d. After replacement, the 2015 edition of "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB50010- The requirements for steel bar spacing, anchorage length, minimum steel bar diameter, number of bars, and minimum reinforcement ratio specified in 2010.
1. Equal-strength substitution: When the component is controlled by strength, the steel bars can be substituted according to the principle of equal strength; 2. Equal-area substitution: When the component is reinforced according to the minimum reinforcement ratio, the steel bars can be substituted according to the principle of equal area. Substitution; 3. When the component is controlled by crack resistance, crack width, and deflection, the replacement should be calculated for crack resistance, crack width, or deflection.
a. It is not suitable to replace deformed steel bars (HPB300) with Grade I steel for important stress-bearing components, such as crane beams, thin web beams, lower chords of roof trusses, etc.; b. For frame structures with earthquake resistance requirements, it is not suitable to replace the original steel bars with higher strength steel bars. When the steel bars in the design must be replaced, the ratio of the strength of the replacement steel bars to its measured yield strength should meet the specified requirements.
Rebar connection
Welding, there are the above 6 methods
Mechanical connection, method: 1 sleeve extrusion connection; 2 conical thread sleeve connection; 3 straight thread sleeve connection. Can be used for steel bars with poor weldability
Binding: The binding and lap joints of longitudinal stress steel bars and compression steel bars should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB50204-2015 "Code for Acceptance of Construction Quality of Concrete Structure Engineering" and "Code for Design of Concrete Structure"
Types of metal material products and their applications
Steel cable: used in various geotechnical anchoring projects
Anchor cable: drill through the weak rock stratum or sliding surface, anchor one end of the anchor rod in the hard rock stratum (called the inner anchor head), and then tension the other free end (the outer anchor head) to exert force on the rock stratum. Pressure anchors unstable rock mass. It consists of three parts: inner anchor head, anchor cable body and outer anchor head. a. The inner anchor head is also called the anchor section or anchor root. It is the foundation for anchoring the anchor cable in the rock body to provide prestress. According to the structural form, it is divided into mechanical type and cementing type (mortar cementation and resin cementation).
Wire rope: used for mine lifting and suspension work
1 According to mechanical characteristics: special grade, grade I, grade II. Special toughness is the best and is used to improve personnel.
2 According to the wire cross-section: round and special-shaped wire ropes. The special-shaped steel wire rope uses irregular steel wires to form a sealed structure. It has the characteristics of good bending resistance, torsion resistance and wear resistance, and can be used as a wire rope tank tunnel.
3 According to the inner core material: fiber core and steel core. a. The fiber core is made of jute, synthetic fiber and other fibers that meet the requirements; features: soft and easy to recover after bending; b. The steel core uses independent steel wire rope core and steel wire strand core; features: high strength, used for Shock load conditions.
4 According to the cross-section of the wire rope: round and flat wire rope. The flat rope does not twist and knot, and is used as the tail rope for friction wheel lifting.
5 According to the twisting direction: forward twisting (soft, good stress conditions, used for lifting and transportation, but easy to diverge after the wire is broken), cross twisting (high rigidity, not easy to diverge, used for lifting and inclined hooks that need to be removed) well lifting), mixed twisting.
Engineering Materials
Mining engineering non-metallic materials