Educate people

Purpose

Sociality (acquired)

Broad education

Education in a narrow sense

Education in a narrower sense

Individual learning and development activities

Education is a practical activity that occurs under a certain social background and promotes the development of individual socialization [commonality] and social individualization (individualization) [personality]

Primitive education, ancient education, modern education, modern education, contemporary education

School education, family education, social education, self-education, natural form education (oral teaching, production and life)

Space/Place/General Standard

Formalization of the education system itself (with or without schools)

Time Standard/Industrial Technology

According to the degree of formalization of education

The fundamental characteristics that distinguish education from other phenomena

The stipulation of educational quality

The stipulation of educational quality is the characteristic of education

essential attributes

True or False: The essence of education is to cultivate people with a purpose (True) The essence of education is to cultivate people's social activities (right) Education is an activity that cultivates people (right)

Education is a conscious social activity unique to human beings

Education is an activity in which human beings consciously transmit social experience

Education is a social practice activity with the direct goal of cultivating people

Education is a social phenomenon that has always existed with human society. It will exist as long as human society exists and will not end with the demise of the country.

Different from ancient times to modern times (education in different periods has its different historical forms and characteristics) For example: in the Western Han Dynasty, hundreds of schools of thought were deposed and Confucianism was respected only. primitive, ancient, modern, modern

Same as ancient and modern times, since ancient times

It takes ten years to grow trees and a hundred years to cultivate people (long cycle)

Education has its own development rules (historical inheritance)

Imbalance between lead and lag

Special (material spiritual)

different countries

leading

main body

The unity of subject and object, the subject of learning and the object of education

content

formal

The main body of teaching in educational activities

The main body of educational activities in middle schools

Objects shared by teachers and students in educational activities

Basic elements of educational activities. Educational means refers to the sum of various forms and conditions used by educators to impart educational content to learners. It mainly includes material means and spiritual means.

Individual socialization and individual individuation (social individuation)

Social factors (politics, economy, technology, etc.)

Contribute to, promote, be positive

hindrance, negativity

Planned and expected (plan and actual are consistent)

Unplanned, unexpected (inconsistency between plan and actual)

Repeatedly passing on the knowledge inherited from the ancestors of the previous generation to the next generation

Promote and lead social development through self-renewal and transformation of education

Education is non-independent and is closely connected with social life and productive labor. There are no specific educational places and full-time educational personnel (no schools and teachers)

Education is spontaneous, universal, extensive, non-hierarchical and classless. It is equal educational opportunity in the original state and only differs based on age, gender and division of labor. Judgment: Primitive society is the only classless society (True) Judgment: Education in modern society is class-oriented (True)

Education is primitive, with simple educational content and single teaching methods.

In the slave society, teachers who specialized in education appeared, and school education emerged.

Schools sprouted at the end of primitive society and emerged at the beginning of slave society.

(The emergence of schools means) education differentiates from social activities and becomes an independent/relatively independent form

The emergence of schools means the birth of human formal education system and is a qualitative leap in the development of human educational civilization.

educational characteristics

educational characteristics

class nature

hierarchical

symbolic

Despotism

Stereotype

Orthodoxy

Xia Dynasty

Shang Dynasty

Western Zhou Dynasty

Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period

Han Dynasty

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Sui and Tang Dynasties

Song

bright

clear

Summarize

ancient indian education

ancient egyptian education

ancient greek education (European slave society)

Medieval Western Europe (European feudal society)

Renaissance Europe

nationalization

obligatory

Secularization

Legalization

primitive society

slave society

Feudal society

ancient society

capitalism

socialism

modern society

Presentation characteristics: productive, public, scientific, futuristic, revolutionary, international, lifelong

Education has become more productive, and education and productive labor have moved from separation to integration.

The public nature, universality and diversity of education have become increasingly prominent

The scientific level of education is increasingly

lifelong

democratization

democratization

Diversification

modernization

globalization

Informatization

scientific

Humanities education and science education go hand in hand

Realizing educational modernization is the common pursuit of education in all countries

The laws regarding the relationship between education and social development are called external relationship laws.

The laws regarding the relationship between education and human development are called the internal relationship laws of education.

The research object of pedagogy - educational issues (single choice)

Research objects of education—educational phenomena and educational issues (multiple choices)

All educational phenomena are the research objects of pedagogy (❌)

Intrinsic Motivation - Educational Issues

Fundamental tasks - laws of education (two items)

True or False: The research object of pedagogy is educational phenomena (right) The research object of pedagogy is educational activities (right) All educational phenomena are the research objects of pedagogy (wrong)

Confucius

Mencius

Xunzi

Mozi

Lao Tzu

"Study Notes"

Replenish

The ideas of Western education mainly originate from the ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Quintilian.

Socrates

plato

Aristotle

Quintilian

Bacon

Comenius

Rousseau

Kant

Pestalozzi

Locke

tips: <natural> First proposed that education follows nature - in stages - Aristotle Natural Analogy (Order of Nature—Laws of Man—Comenius) Return to nature, natural man, negative education, natural consequences method - Rousseau Without context, naturalistic educational thought - Rousseau

Herbart

Dewey

repair

Elevate

Maiman, Rye

Dilthey, Spranger, Little

Understand and explain (methods of)

Dewey, Kerbuck

Criticism of Herbart's traditional pedagogy

The earliest work to discuss educational issues based on Marxism: Krupskaya "National Education and Democratic Education"

The world's first book: Kailov's "Pedagogy"

China's first book: Yang Xianjiang's "New Education Outline"

contemporary dominance

Bowles, Gintis, April, Bouedil

Academic leader, role model in the world

The educational policy of simultaneously promoting five educations The ultimate goal of education is to create Just ‘complete personality’

Proposed freedom of thought, inclusiveness, "inclusive of all major traditions, and inclusion of all schools of thought"

Educational independent thought

Thoughts: Theory of Life Education (Social Life)

Six ways to unleash children’s creativity

Primary school system

Art Friendship System

Life education practice: Xiaozhuang Normal School, Shanhai Engineering Group, etc.

Collection of famous quotes

evaluate

The goal of "living education": to be a human being, to be Chinese, to be a modern Chinese

Living education courses

teaching principles of living education

Methods of living education: teaching by doing, learning by doing, and seeking progress by doing

Steps of living education: experimental observation, reading and thinking, creation and publication, criticism and discussion

contrast distinction

Father of International Civilian Education

Four major educations—literary education, livelihood education, health education, and citizenship education (mantra: serve the public throughout your life)

Three major ways - school style, family style and social style

Pioneer of vocational education in my country

Make the unemployed have jobs, make the haves happy with their jobs

Studying rural education from a cultural perspective—creating new culture and reviving old rural areas

Bruner

Zankov

Val Genshein

Suhomlinski

Babanski

valuable

scientific reality

The topic must be clear and specific

The topic must be novel and original

The topic must be feasible

Document classification

Observation research method refers to a scientific research method in which people systematically examine objective things in their natural state through the senses and auxiliary instruments (naked eyes, which are conducive to perception) in a purposeful and planned manner to obtain empirical facts.

A method widely used in educational scientific research

Observation - Recording

Elevate

Investigation methods: using observation, lists, questionnaires, interviews, case studies and other methods

Collect data - analyze the current situation

The most basic and widely used method is the questionnaire

Human means: proactive intervention and control (variable)

The only study that can determine cause and effect

There are theoretical hypotheses, there are controls (variables), there are changes, and repeatable operations (multiple choices)

The change process of a single research object (person or event, a school, a region, etc.)

Reveals the characteristics and rules of the formation and transformation of the research object (tracing research method), and various factors that influence the development and changes of individual cases.

two or more

Based on the need to solve practical problems, practical workers (such as teachers) work with experts, scholars and members of their own unit to take practical problems as the subject of research and conduct systematic research to solve practical problems.

Characteristics: Research for educational action, research in educational action, research by educational actors

Process: Plan-Action-Inspection-Reflection

Qualitative research method is also called "field research method" or "participant observation method". It is a research method based on experience and intuition. It uses the researcher himself as the research tool and relies on the researcher's own insight to interact with the research objects. Understanding and reconciliation through interaction explain their behavior and meaning construction. (I must be present)

Qualitative research first originated in anthropology, sociology, folklore and other disciplines, and has been gradually applied to the field of education in recent years. Its overall characteristics can be summarized as an inductive (individual to general), descriptive, and on-site participation research method. .

Capture the story-like characteristics of human experience for research and present it in the form of stories

Educational narrative research is the process in which educational subjects narrate real situations in education and teaching. It is a research method that understands the true meaning of education by telling educational stories.

Short, concise, extensive, fast and timely

School-based research is the abbreviation of school-based teaching research, which refers to planned research activities based on the school's own conditions, with the school principal and teachers as the main force, and targeted at the actual problems existing in the school.

Come from school, go to school

School-based research is a kind of practical research

School-based research takes the school as the basis and premise

for school, in school, based on school

self reflection

peer assistance

Professional leadership

The three are relatively independent, but at the same time they are complementary, complementary, interpenetrating and mutually reinforcing.

Social political and economic systems determine the nature of education

Easy to mix

Tip: Learn about Murong’s physique

Politics determines the nature of education (right)

Determine leadership in education

Determine the right to education

right

Determine the purpose of education

Determines the choice of educational content

determines the education system

Constraints on the Reform and Development of Education

Education is relatively independent of the political and economic system

Inside the counter, people check out

Restricting the scale and speed of educational development

Restricting changes in educational structure

Restricts educational content, methods, means and organizational methods (class teaching system)

Restricts the school's professional setting

Restricting the training specifications of talents

Education is relatively independent of the development level of productivity

(single and multiple sentences) science and technology

Single and multiple judgments Insider knowledge of equations

Dual cultural attributes of education

Culture plays a value-oriented role in education

Cultural development promotes the development of school curriculum

Culture affects the establishment of the purpose of education: the way to a university lies in being virtuous, being close to the people, and striving for perfection

Culture influences the choice of educational content

Culture influences the use of education and teaching methods

Level 3 single multiple-judge, short answer Branch structure, turtle speed strategy, fingertip slime

The impact and constraints of population size on educational development

The impact and constraints of population quality on educational development (Population quality will affect the quality of education)

The impact and constraints of population structure on educational development (Demographic structure will affect educational structure)

"Civics Class", "Political Class", "Moral Class", etc.

May Fourth Movement, December 9th Movement

Education can accelerate or delay political development without playing a decisive role

Extension: Education cannot change the direction of politics (socialist direction)

Education transforms potential productivity into actual productivity

Education can improve the quality and quality of the labor force, enabling them to acquire skills and techniques recognized by certain labor departments, Become a developed and specialized workforce

Education can change the shape of the labor force and train a simple labor force into a complex labor force. Turn a physical worker into a mental worker

Education can enable the workforce to develop in an all-round way and improve labor conversion capabilities, Get rid of the one-sidedness caused by modern division of labor to everyone

Education can efficiently expand the reproduction of scientific knowledge, so that scientific knowledge originally mastered by a few people can be mastered by more people in a shorter period of time, thus improving labor productivity and promoting the development of productivity.

Education also shoulders the task of developing and reproducing science, which is particularly evident in colleges and universities.

There are specialized research units

The function of rescuing and inheriting culture has three main forms (transmission, preservation, and activation [inherited through people’s thoughts])

Select and organize, enhance culture, filter, and discard

Take the essence and discard the dross

Confucius Institute, One Belt, One Road

New, college students lead society

The higher the education level, the lower the birth rate (inverse relationship)

Level 3 Single Multiple Judgment

The social change (change) function of education

The social mobility function of education

In terms of content, individual physical and mental development includes both physical and psychological development.

Human physical and mental development is realized in the process of social practice

Human physical and mental development has initiative

Mencius

Freud

wilson

Galton

Gesell

Hall

Confucius: Theory of human nature - the upper, the middle and the lower, born with knowledge, only the superior wisdom and the inferior foolishness remain unchanged

Dragons give birth to dragons and phoenixes, and the mice’s sons can dig holes. If you sow melons, you will get melons, if you sow beans, you will get beans. If you plant trees, nature will

Mencius: All things are prepared for me Benevolence, justice, etiquette and wisdom are not imposed on me from outside, they are inherent in me. What a person can do without learning is his good ability (natural ability)

The theory of good nature and the theory of evil nature

Dong Zhongshu's "Three Grades of Nature" - the nature of the saint, the nature of the people, and the nature of Dou Xiao

Han Yu's "Three Grades of Sex Theory": Xing is something we are born with.

Theory of genius, theory of blood, Christian theory of original sin, Plato’s theory of three classes (soul: gold, silver and copper)

The view of children in ancient Chinese education—internal development theory

Xunzi

Locke

Watson

Skinner

Mozi: On the plain silk of human nature - if dyed with green, it will be green, if dyed with yellow, it will be yellow

Confucius: Similar in nature, but far apart in habits

Xunzi: The nature of human beings today is to love benefits and follow the right path, so they fight for and give in and perish.

Stellen

Alex Ng (Woodworth)

It is impossible for a child born deaf to develop the hearing ability to become a musician

"Use it or lose it" and "acquired inheritance" indicate that genetic quality has a certain degree of plasticity.

The influence of genetic factors on people generally shows a weakening trend throughout the development process

The main reason - human subjective initiative

Gesell's twin ladder experiment, primary school students cannot learn advanced mathematics

Mencius's mother moved three times/ Those who are close to red are red and those who are close to ink are black/ The fluffy hemp grows straight without support/If it is dyed green, it will be green; if it is dyed yellow, it will be yellow.

(external motivation/external conditions)

Human subjective initiative-internal factors/internal motivation

Coming out of the mud but not stained

School education is an activity that cultivates people with purpose, plan and organization.

The school has teachers who are specifically responsible for education, and the results are relatively good.

School education can effectively control and coordinate various factors that affect student development.

The impact of school education on people is relatively comprehensive, systematic and profound

School education sets social norms for individual development

School education has the function of developing individual special talents and developing personality

The impact of school education on individual development has both immediate and delayed value

School education has the special function of accelerating individual development

Educational omnipotence: Kant, Watson, Locke, Helvetius

The Uselessness of Education: Galton

first level

second level

third level

Don't "give it at the festival of mausoleum"/learn without learning, etc.

If you do miscellaneous things but don’t have grandchildren, you’ll be in chaos and you won’t have grandchildren.

academic notes

To encourage growth (single-choice questions should be sequential, multiple-choice questions should be sequential + staged)

Head-to-tail law, center-peripheral law

Children in childhood prefer concrete images - stages From childhood to adolescence, from concrete images to abstract images - sequentiality

Problem solving skills

Question-making skills: single-choice questions should be staged, multiple-choice questions should be staged + sequential

The development speed of the same aspect of individual physical and mental development is unbalanced at different ages.

Different aspects of individual physical and mental development

Uneven speed in the same aspect (language) Different aspects of being out of sync (physical and mental) ——In a person’s development, there are some aspects and some aspects.

Refers to a person's certain physical and mental potential having the best development period at a certain age, also called the sensitive period and the best period.

When it can be said, if time passes and then you learn, it will be hard and difficult to achieve.

Imbalance vs Stage

Imbalance VS Sequentiality

between physiology and physiology

between physiology and psychology

Build confidence and believe in every student

Master scientific education methods and discover students’ strengths, Exploit strengths and avoid weaknesses, cultivate students’ qualities of self-confidence and hard work

Different children develop at different speeds and levels in the same aspect; (clever and early, late bloomer)

There are differences in the development of different children in different aspects; (everyone is good at different directions)

Different children have different personality and psychological tendencies; (interests, hobbies, etc.)

There are differences between groups (differences between men and women - boys like to play prince, girls like to play princess)

Teaching Principles - Cultivate kindness and save the lost

Teachers’ teaching requirements, physical and mental development rules—individual differences

Facing the whole body and mind of students

Focus on the whole person of the student and promote the general development of the student, Achieve the unity of cognitive factors and non-cognitive factors, consciousness and subconsciousness, science and art (cognition and emotion)

guide

Choice - the purpose of education determines the choice of educational content

excitation

evaluate

coordination

Builders and successors of socialism with comprehensive development of morality, intelligence, body, art and labor

Primary school lays the foundation one by one (reading, writing, arithmetic)

Junior high school - helping teenagers take off

In the Chinese subject, students are required to master 1,600 students Yu Ci, 800 of them can write

A specific subject, big numbers

Expected standards that students can achieve after teaching activities

In the process of education and teaching, when educators complete a certain stage of work, The requirements that the educated are expected to meet or the changes that will be produced

Specific to a class small numbers

Viewpoint: The basis for establishing education is human nature, emphasizing nature, potential, needs, and talents.

Representative figures: Mencius, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Maritain, Hutchins, Naylor, Maslow, Sartre, etc.

Locke cultivates gentlemen—emphasizes family education and despises national education—individualism.

Parker—the father of American progressive education—individualism

Viewpoint: Establishing the purpose of education is based on the requirements of society, emphasizing the country, society, etc.

Representative figures: Xunzi, Plato, Herbart, Durkheim (Dirkheim), Natop (Natorp, Noudulp), Keichensteiner, Comte, Baglay, etc.

Durkheim: Socializing youth (adapting people to society)

Keichensteiner: Cultivating qualified citizens

Natorp/Noordulp

Confucius: Those who excel in learning will lead to officialdom - social standardism

Spencer: The purpose of education is to prepare for a "perfect life" and to teach people how to live.

Dewey: Education is life

Dewey: Education without purpose

The so-called all-round development of human beings refers to the comprehensive, harmonious and full development of human labor ability, that is, human physical strength and intelligence, and also includes the development of human morality and the full development of human personality.

True or False Question: Aesthetic education is aesthetic education (correct) Aesthetic education is art education (wrong)

The role (function) of aesthetic education

Contents of school aesthetic education

Paths to aesthetic education (short answer)

Comprehensive development cannot be understood as the average development (balanced development) that requires students to "do well in everything" , nor can it be understood that everyone must develop into the same person

Comprehensive education and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" are not opposites or contradictory

against the whole

violation of imbalance

The relationship of primary and secondary is wrong. Teachers are disseminators of knowledge first and then service providers.

Examination is just a means of evaluation

Concepts (multiple choices): cognition, emotion, value, ideal

A system of various educational institutions and organizations at all levels in a country or region and the general name of its various provisions

The national education system is a country’s purpose of achieving its national education. The sum of all educational facilities and related rules and regulations established from the organizational system

The school education system, referred to as the school system, is the overall system of all types of schools at all levels in a country. Specifically stipulate the nature, tasks, (requirements), admission requirements, years of study and the interrelationship between various types of schools at all levels. The academic system is the core, main body and essence of the national education system (broad education system = education system)

The education system cannot be established or abolished at will

Admission requirements or training target standards (increasingly standardized)

Socialism is the greatest standard - value orientation

Different between ancient and modern times

Must be obeyed

First, it was home education, and then schools developed.

There were early schools, but there were no modern institutions in the schools

Stereotyped educational organization form and physical education - school is its important symbol

There are already schools, and modern systems have also been formed in the schools.

The formation of the school education system (the formation of the academic system) means the formation of institutionalized education

The symbol of the rise of our country is "abolish the imperial examination and build schools"

"Education should no longer be limited to the walls of schools" "Learning Society" "Lifelong Learning"

Non-institutionalized education is relative to institutionalized education. What has changed is the form of education and the concept of education, and more importantly, the concept of education

Internationally, it is generally believed that if the gross enrollment rate of higher education is less than 15%, it belongs to the elite education stage, if it is greater than 15% and less than 50%, it is the mass stage, and if it is greater than 50%, it is the popularization stage.

There is neither the word obligation nor the idea of ​​compulsory education.

The earliest academic system to stipulate the stage of compulsory education - the Renyin academic system

There are both ideas and words for compulsory education but they have not been implemented and are in the planning stage.

The Guimao schooling system that first proposed the ideological concept of compulsory education

The earliest primary school to be included in compulsory education - the Guimao schooling system

The term "compulsory education" first appeared - the "Academic Affairs Outline" in the "School Charter"

Among them, elementary school is 4 years old and is compulsory education. The legal enrollment age is 6 years old. This is the first time that our country’s government decree clearly stipulates the implementation of compulsory education and stipulates that the length of compulsory education is four years.

(also known as the new academic system or the 633 academic system)

93 outline

"Two basics" - basic universal nine and basic literacy

"Two things" - comprehensively implement the party's education policy and comprehensively improve the quality of education

"Double" - key schools and key disciplines

Mantra: 99 Lifelong quality and aesthetic education

The eighth new curriculum reform was launched in 1999

Preschool education Primary education Secondary education Higher education

Basic education Higher education Adult education Special education Vocational and technical education

Kalinin - Teachers are engineers of the human soul

Teachers are professionals who perform education and teaching duties. They are responsible for teaching and educating people. The mission of cultivating builders and successors of the socialist cause and improving national quality

The "Teachers Law" determines the professional status of teachers from a legal perspective for the first time

The moral image of teachers is regarded as the most basic image of teachers

Be a role model and lead by example

The cultural image of teachers is the core of teachers’ image

Teacher's personality is the primary factor that causes students to be close to or alienated from teachers

There is no specialized teaching profession or part-time teachers

Our country: learning in the government, using officials as teachers, and integrating officials and teachers

West: Monks

With the teaching profession

The independent teaching profession emerged with the emergence of private schools

The earliest teacher in China: Shi

The earliest teachers in the West: the Sophists

Follow the number of teachers

Marked by the emergence of educational institutions dedicated to training teachers

The world’s earliest teacher education institution was born in France

The earliest normal education in my country came into being in the late Qing Dynasty, when Sheng Xuanhuai Nanyang Public School Normal College

Pay attention to the quality of teachers

In 1966, the United Nations: "Recommendations on the Status of Teachers" proposed that teaching work should be regarded as a profession

China’s Teachers Law of the People’s Republic of China: Teachers are professionals

Teachers must serve as role models for students, which means that teachers are not only the transmitters of social moral principles to students, but more importantly, the embodiment of social moral principles. Therefore, teachers are often praised as "engineers of the soul".

Unblock psychological problems

The purpose of education is to make students smarter, nobler and more mature. Teachers who only impart knowledge are "class teachers". Only those teachers who enable students to develop actively and actively are the best teachers.

Xu Teli: A teacher is not only a classical teacher (teaching), but also a human teacher (educating people)

Elevate

Mao Zhongte

Master the basic knowledge and basic skills of the subject

Master the basic theory and subject system of the subject

Understand the development of this discipline

Understand the thinking and methodology of the subject area

Multiple choice to understand

This is a requirement for the increasing integration and penetration of scientific knowledge

This is a requirement for the multi-faceted development of young people

The task of teachers is to teach and educate people

Science and education boy, understand

Basic courses: education, psychology, subject teaching methods

Three aspects: knowledge of students’ physical and mental development (before teaching); knowledge of teaching and learning (middle); knowledge of student performance evaluation (after)

The practical knowledge of saving teachers is based on teachers’ personal experience accumulation, personal characteristics and educational wisdom reflected in treating and handling educational problems.

Extension: Practical knowledge is classroom situation knowledge, which reflects the teacher’s personal teaching skills, educational wisdom and teaching style, such as introduction, reinforcement, questioning, classroom management, communication and expression, lesson closing and other skills.

A good teacher must be a scholar - ontological knowledge

Scholars may not be good teachers - conditional knowledge A person with rich knowledge may not be able to teach well

"If you have deep knowledge, you can get it from both sides" - ontological knowledge

A gentleman knows both the reason for the rise of teaching and the reason for its abolition, and then he can be a teacher - conditional knowledge

If you want to give students a glass of water, you must have a bucket of water - knowledge of integrity

Subject professionalism

Educational professionalism

Teacher’s Personality Traits

Good professional ethics

Quantitative accumulation, qualitative deepening, structural renewal

Teacher’s professional ability is the teacher’s education and teaching ability

Inception and foundation

accelerator, perpetual motion machine

Generally, it is mainly amateur, self-study, and short-term.

The most basic and common way

It advocates that teachers learn advanced "subject knowledge" and "educational knowledge" from experts through formal training

Writing diaries, biographies, ideas, document analysis, educational narratives, teacher interviews, participant observation, etc.

Teacher professional development not only relies on personal efforts, but also relies on "Teaching culture" or "teacher culture", the main methods include collaborative teaching, cooperative teaching and research, etc.

"If you dye it with green, you will become green; if you dye it with yellow, you will become yellow."

Depend on parents at home. After entering school, dependence on parents turns to dependence on teachers.

Imitate teachers. After students enter school, they will naturally get close to, trust, respect and even worship teachers.

① Consciousness or initiative-the most basic

②Independence and autonomy

③Creativity - highest performance

Teachers cannot use students' current backwardness to deny future success or sarcastically

Allow students to make mistakes

Five education development

It focuses on cognition as well as emotional needs, joy, anger, sorrow, etc.

Personality characteristics Teach students in accordance with their aptitude

Different from parents and teachers

Teachers and students have different ideas

Teachers guide and mobilize students’ subjective initiative

The subject of responsibility The subject of rights

Teacher’s illegal behavior (reading diary, etc.)

No mixed selection

Teachers and students promote students' overall development and independent development in educational and teaching activities. The formed relationship between education and being educated, organizing and being organized, guiding and being guided, etc.

A special moral community, each assuming certain ethical responsibilities and fulfilling certain ethical obligations

Social relations aimed at promoting the growth of the younger generation

Educational relationships aimed at promoting student development

Psychological relationships with the goal of maintaining and developing educational relationships

informal relationship

interpersonal relationships etc.

Herbart

France Rousseau

American Dewey