MindMap Gallery Organic Chemistry-Alcohols
Final review test points for freshman organic chemistry. Alcohols are a very important class of organic compounds and are widely used in chemistry, industry and daily life.
Edited at 2024-01-17 20:11:56Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
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Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
alcohol
Classification and naming of alcohols
name
Pay attention to mark the position of the alcoholic hydroxyl group Certain en-x-ol Note that EZ isomerism
Classification
alcohol molecular structure
Note the electron-withdrawing effect of oxygen -OH itself should be electron-withdrawing (because of the high electronegativity of oxygen), but -OH when connected to benzene is an electron-donating group because of its conjugation effect.
physical properties of alcohol
hydrogen bond
Alkanes: dispersion force Halogenated hydrocarbons: dipole force (electrostatic Coulomb attraction) Alcohol: hydrogen bonding
Solubility
Hydrophilic group (oxygen group -NH2)
Synthesis of alcohol
Made from alkenes
direct hydration
ene water
indirect hydration
Alkene sulfuric acid → product water
Hydroboration Oxidation
Pay attention to the conditions (hydrogen peroxide, alkaline conditions)
Hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons
Grignard reagent ethylene oxide
chemical properties of alcohol
Acidity and alkalinity
Acidic
Reacts with Na → sodium alkoxide (use ethanol to remove residual Na in the laboratory)
Acidity order: Alkanes (electron-pushing groups) bring electrons closer to H, making them less conducive to leaving in the form of hydrogen ions, and the acidity weakens
alkaline
Reacts with acid to form yang salt
Used to remove alcohols from alkanes
After forming yang salt, C-O is easier to break (oxygen is more electron-deficient, and electrons are biased toward oxygen) This is generally the reaction mechanism of removing -OH (requires acid catalysis)
esterification reaction
Reflect the alkalinity of alcohol (react with acid)
Can react with organic acids and inorganic acids
Alcohols or acids with fewer C are more likely to undergo esterification reactions
HX
Conditions Lucas reagent: Zncl2 in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution
Identify primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols and benzyl alcohols with less than six carbon atoms (using precipitation time)
mechanism
Primary alcohol: SN2 (no carbocation intermediate)
Secondary tertiary alcohol: SN1 (with carbocation intermediate) rearranges when substituted
with PX3, PX5, SOcl2
No rearrangement occurs
dehydration reaction
intramolecular dehydration
rearrange
The product of intermolecular dehydration (primary alcohol) is a mixture
Williamson reaction to ether
Obtain asymmetric ethers with higher selectivity
Alcohol HX→halogenated hydrocarbon Alcohol Na→Alcohol sodium Sodium alkoxide Halogenated hydrocarbon→ether
oxidation reaction
Potassium permanganate/potassium dichromate
oxidized to the end
sarrette reagent: CrO3 pyridine
Oxidation to aldehydes and ketones (same principle as above)
dehydrogenation reaction
Cu catalytic heating
Oxidation of vicinal diol