Wiener: Information is what we exchange with the external world in the process of adapting to and perceiving the external world.

Shannon: Information is something that can be used to eliminate uncertainty

Data is the specific manifestation of information and the carrier of information. Information is the result of data processing.

The symbolization of information is data

Information is abstracted logical meaning, while data is the physical representation of information.

The same information can be represented by different data.

The symbolization of information is data, and data is the specific manifestation of information.

High-speed, large-capacity, multimedia information transmission trunk line, called "information highway", national information infrastructure

Computer culture takes computers as the core and integrates network culture, information culture, and multimedia culture.

Babbage - the father of general-purpose computers

Von Neumann - the father of modern computers

ENIAC: the first true computer, vacuum tube, decimal system, addition

EDSAC: the first stored-program computer

UNIVAC: the first commercial computer, marking the beginning of the computer age

①Electronic tubes, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing

②Transistor High-level programming, design language, data processing

③Small and medium-sized integrated circuits, operating systems and conversational languages ​​are widely used in various fields

④Large-scale VLSI, object-oriented high-level language, Internet era

Fast computing speed

High calculation accuracy

Large storage capacity

Strong versatility

Ability to make logical judgments

Work automation

Processing object

use

Scale Performance

Scientific Computing Numerical Computing

information management, data processing

Auxiliary engineering, computer-aided systems

Process control, real-time control, a set of templates

Artificial intelligence, using computers to simulate people and learn independently

CAI computer-assisted instruction

CAD Computer Aided Design

CAT Computer Assisted Test

CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing

CBE Computer Assisted Education

CMI Computer Aided Management Instruction

CIMS computer integrated manufacturing system

Giant, miniaturized, networked, intelligent

Carry counting system Number system

Number: a set of symbols

Cardinal number: the number of digits in a number system

Position weight: the weight of different positions

Physically easy to implement

Simple operation

Stable and highly reliable

Easy to implement logical meaning

Easy to express with electronic components

bit bit smallest unit

Byte B base unit

The word length must be a multiple of 8

Data that is accessed, processed and transmitted at one time is called a word

The number of binary bits processed at one time or simultaneously is called the word length

0 positive 1 negative

The character encoding currently used is mainly ASCII code

The 7-bit standard ASCII code, the highest bit is 0, actually only uses 7 bits to represent 128 different characters. 0～127

Three positive numbers are the same

negative number

Numbers＜uppercase＜lowercase

a-A＝32D＝20H

National standard code, two consecutive bytes, the highest bit is 0

Chinese character internal code. The highest bit of the two bytes is 1. The computer internally stores the internal code.

Location code—+2020H—National standard code—+8080H—In-machine code

Number of row points × number of column points ÷ 8 = B

The only thing about serial codes is that there are no duplicate codes (area codes)

Instruction: A command for a computer to perform a certain operation Binary

composition

The set of all instructions that the CPU can execute is called the computer instruction system

Von Neumann, father of modern computers

The basis for the computer to automatically complete calculations or processing is the working principle of "stored program"

A memory structure that combines program instruction memory and data memory.

Features: Store instructions and data in memory at the same time

The core of stored programs: stored programs, program control

Host

peripherals

ALU: arithmetic operation unit, logical operation unit

Register (storage some intermediate data)

Direct the coordinated work of various parts of the computer

Last address = first address + storage unit - 1

ROM, RAM, Cache

BIOS: ROM basic input and output system

CMOS is RAM in nature, storing date, time, and hard disk parameters, and will be continuously powered by a specific battery.

Stores a large amount of data and programs that are not temporarily involved in calculations or processing, and can be exchanged with memory in batches when needed

External memory is the back and supplement of memory and cannot directly exchange data with the CPU.

Hard drive＞Flash memory＞CD

Disk drives, tape drives, touch screens, A/D analog-to-digital converters

Monitors, plotters, digital-to-analog converters (D/A)

Disk drives, tape drives, touch screens

system software

application . . .

Machine language (low-level language): The only one that a computer system can recognize and does not require translation.

Assembly language (low-level language): symbolization of machine language

High-level language: greatly improves programming efficiency

Microcontroller

single board computer

PC

portable microcomputer

Main frequency: The clock frequency of the CPU, which determines the running speed of the computer. The unit is Hz.

Word length: The word length determines the accuracy of the operation

Number of Cores: Processor Cores

Memory capacity: The total number of bytes of information that can be stored in internal memory. Generally, the larger the memory capacity, the faster the processing speed.

Computing speed: Number of computer instructions executed per unit time 1BIPS = 1000MIPS

Access cycle: The smaller the storage cycle, the faster the operation speed

The higher the main frequency, the faster the computing speed

The longer the word length, the faster the operation speed, the larger the memory capacity, the faster the operation speed.

Main frequency Clock frequency Speed ​​of computing and processing data MIPS

Bit and word length

Number of cores

A very large scale integrated circuit chip that integrates arithmetic units, controllers, and caches. The most important core components

Static RAM: SRAM has high speed

Dynamic RAM: DRAM

External memory (hard disk is the fastest)

Flash memory (U disk) deletes files without entering the recycle bin, USB connection is plug-and-play, the operating system is automatically installed, and removable external storage can be realized.

Data bus: transmits data bidirectionally

Address bus: data address unidirectional

Control bus: control signals bidirectional

Determine the size of the addressing space and the number of storage units

An address line, representing a bit b

The addressable range of an n-bit width address bus is 2 to the nth power of address units.

Number of bits: word length Number of data bus bits: determines the word length; word length determines accuracy.

There must be an interface between the device and the bus (graphics card, ** card)

Monitors and display adapters (graphics cards graphics cards)

Performance indicators: resolution, color quality, refresh speed

Color quality: 1-bit binary represents two types (black, white)

Refresh frequency Hz: the number of times the display image is updated per second

Dot matrix printer (dot matrix printer)

Inkjet Printers

laser printer

Dye-sublimation printer (pictures, photos)

The audio signal is a continuous analog signal converted to a digital signal

Analog/digital (A/D) conversion

Sampling and quantization Sampling frequency and quantization bits

theoretical thinking mathematics

Experimental Thinking Physics

computational thinking computer science

Zhou Yizhen

Computational thinking is a series of thinking activities covering the breadth of computer science that uses basic concepts of computer science to solve problems, design systems, and understand human behavior.

It's conceptual, not procedural

It's fundamental, not a engraved skill

It's human, not computer

It's an idea, not a man-made thing

It is the complementarity and integration of mathematics and engineering thinking.

For everyone, everywhere

abstract automation

The foundation and premise of automation is abstraction

The steps the computer is asked to perform—algorithm

Worth proposed: program = data structure + algorithm

Algorithm: numeric non-numeric

correctness

readability

Robustness

Efficiency

Finiteness

certainty

feasibility

Enter 0 or more

Output at least 1

is the way information is organized

Reflect the internal structure of the data

Set structure

Linear structure one to one

Tree structure one-to-many

Graph structure many-to-many

linear structure

nonlinear structure

Storage structure = physical structure storage form

sequential structure

chain structure

++ (self-increment) – (self-decrement)

! logical negation

mod (modulo remainder)

==Judge whether the left and right sides are equal and whether it is true

& Logical AND If any 0 is 0, if all 1 is 1

｜｜Logical OR: 1 is 1 and all 0 is 0

Input

Print output

natural language

pseudocode

flow chart

Computer Languages

sequential structure

sequential structure

Loop structure (must include selection structure)

Enumeration method: (violent algorithm) enumerate one by one

Recursive algorithm: step by step

Recursive algorithm: calls itself repeatedly

Divide and Conquer Algorithm: Break the problem into smaller problems Recursion

Iterative algorithm: new value replaces old value

heuristic algorithm

Any program is based on three basic controls: sequence, selection, and loop.

Advantages: clear structure, good readability, strong modularity

The program has modular characteristics, and each program module has a unique entrance and exit.

Cancel the GOTO language and refine it from top to bottom.

①Analyze the problem

②Determine the digital model

③Algorithm design

④ Program writing, editing, compiling and linking

⑤Run and test

do what? Tasks required of the subject

How to do? Emphasize the function of the code

Difficult to adapt to the design of large software

Poor program reusability

Only the code inside the object can operate on the data inside the object.

Object: basic unit with two elements: properties and behavior

Class: A collection of objects that share the same properties and behavior. A class is an abstraction of an object, and an object is an instance of a class.

Inheritance: It is the relationship between classes. Derived classes can extend, override, and redefine the behavior of the base class.

Polymorphism: Different behaviors exhibited by derived classes, and different responses of its objects to the same message

Abstract: represents the essence of the same type of things

Encapsulation: Relevant data and operation code are encapsulated in an object to form a basic unit. Each object is independent of each other, does not interfere with each other, and is connected through messages.

Message: Objects are not isolated from each other and are passed through messages.

Events: Some actions that can activate the function of an object. Different events trigger different actions of the object.

Hardware←→Operating system←→User interaction

Control and manage computer system hardware and software resources

Control program execution and improve human-machine interface

Properly organize computer workflow

Provide a good operating environment for users to use computers

Processor management

Storage management

Device management

File management

Job management

Batch processing system (no interaction)

Time sharing system (interactive)

Real-time system (respond to external requests in a timely manner)

embedded operating system

personal computer operating system

Network operating system based on computer network

Distributed operating system computers are linked together through the network to achieve extremely high computing power and data sharing.

Dos operating system single user single task

Windows XP operating system single user multitasking

Windows 7 operating system multi-user multi-tasking

Concurrency (multitasking simultaneously)

Sharability (shared resources)

Asynchronousness (randomness)

virtuality

Alt+Tab Switch between programs or windows

Alt+Esc rotate program window switching

Win+Tab Switching of Showcase Program Window

Alt+F4 Close the current application or window

close the window

△/▲: Lower-level menu, submenu, cascading menu

…: Click to open a dialog box

√: Check menu, select multiple items

○: Single choice menu, only one item can be selected at the same time

It will appear automatically when it cannot be fully displayed. It cannot be set and will appear automatically.

Dialog boxes are an important tool for interacting with users in Windows 7.

Can only be moved around the screen (move via title bar)

Can't change size

Cannot be reduced to taskbar icon

No maximization or minimization, no icon appears on the taskbar

A dialog box contains a series of controls. A control is an object with a standard appearance and standard operation methods.

A temporary storage area opened in memory for the purpose of transmitting information

Dynamically variable according to the size of the content placed in it

Information that can be shared and transmitted can be text, numbers, symbols, graphics, images, sounds, etc.

Entire Screenshot PrintScreen

Active window screenshot Alt+PrintScreen

The entire screen area displayed on the monitor is called the desktop

The desktop is the working window through which the user interacts with the computer

The recycle bin icon cannot be deleted

Shortcuts are essentially links

Right-click on the task button bar to set the window stacking order

Win+D: Quickly return to the desktop

It stores most of the commands and all programs of Windows 7 and is the central control area of ​​the operating system.

It is convenient to start applications, open folders, and perform various settings and management of the system.

The essence of shortcut is - path link

Shortcut placed in desktop folder

Creation method:

An original project can have multiple shortcuts

A shortcut with only one original project

Shortcuts can also create shortcuts and are exactly the same

Delete the shortcut, regardless of the initial project

Delete the initial project or move it, and the shortcut cannot be opened.

All programs and data are stored in external memory (disk) in the form of files

"Computer" and "Windows Explorer" to complete the management of files, folders, and other resources.

Task Manager: View processes

File refers to a collection of information stored in external memory

The file name is the only identifier in the operating system that distinguishes different files.

File names cannot use \ | / ＜ ＞ *? : "

"Tools" - "Folder Options" - "View" tab Deselect "Hide extensions for known file types" to display the extensions for all files.

Read only Hide

Click the Advanced button Archive, Index Properties, Compression, Encryption

"Sharing" tab, folder-specific properties

Files cannot be shared, folders can be shared

Shared folder

Share local printer

shared disk drive

Same disk Move Drag Copy Ctrl+Drag

Different disk Move Shift+drag Copy Drag

The recycle bin is a space on the hard disk that will not be lost when the power is turned off.

Press shift and drag to the Recycle Bin to delete directly.

Before deleting, hold down shift, click "Delete" and click "Yes" to delete directly.

shift+delete delete directly

Cannot be copied in the recycle bin, only cut

The cut can be moved to any position and "restored" to the original position.

Each disk has its own recycle bin

U disk files cannot be deleted and entered into the recycle bin

Deleting files from hard disk and mobile hard disk into the recycle bin

Recycle bin size can be customized, system folder

Windows7 comes with a compressed file program.rar

Create a compressed "Send to" in the shortcut menu - "Compressed (zipped) folder" Windows 7 comes with .zip

Add files to the compressed folder and drag directly

Unzip and double-click to open, press ctrl+c to copy to the clipboard, and then press ctrl+v to paste to a new location.

Format the disk: Plan the storage space on the disk and create tracks, sectors and other information on the disk.

The new disk cannot be used without formatting

Complete full format: slow, clears all data and scans to check.

Quick Format: Fast, only clears data.

Disk Cleanup: Clean up junk files and increase disk free space

Disk Defragmentation: Rearrange fragmented data to improve read and write speeds.

Disk check: Check for logical errors and repair them.

It is a graphical tool that comes with the operating system to view and modify system settings.

Can change the appearance and functionality of the system

Set up computer software and hardware systems

Adjust your computer's settings

Control Panel—Clock, Language, and Region Links

Time in the lower right corner of the taskbar

Regional settings affect how dates, times, currencies, and numbers are displayed.

"Format" tab, set the display method of date, time, number, currency format and other data.

"Location" tab, set the user's location

Third-party input methods not provided by the system need to be added through the corresponding installation program.

Users can add and delete input methods while using the system (only those that come with the system can be added and deleted)

Switch input method: ctrl+shift

Full half-width/half-width switching: shift+space

Switch between Chinese and English: ctrl+space

The default sound format of Windows system is .wav

Customize your own sound, the sound file added should also be .wav

"User Account" Purpose: Protect each user's private data

Administrator account Default Administrator

Standard account can create User

Guest account Guest is disabled by default

Draw a picture

WordPad (single document)

Notepad (single document)

Snipping Tool Default.Png

Recorder default.wma

Numeric input panel allows handwriting input .exe

quit

closure

Ctrl+W close

Alt+F4 exit

F12 Save As

Ctrl+O open

Ctrl+S / Shift+F12 Save

Ctrl+N New

Ctrl+P Print

User-defined tabs, commands, and groups can be created, deleted, renamed, and moved.

The system comes with: commands cannot be changed. Only commands cannot be changed, and groups can be deleted.

Pop up dialog box

Don't pop up the dialog box

Ctrl+F6 switches between multiple open word documents

Discover and improve search and navigation experiences

Keyword position, quick positioning, highlighting, finding the number of specific characters

Page view

Reading layout view

Web layout view

Outline view

draft

Show only horizontal ruler: draft, web layout view

Show horizontal/vertical rulers simultaneously: Page view

Do not show views: Draft, Outline view

With margins: page view

New window: Open a new window containing the current document view (the two are the same document and can be modified together)

Split Pane: Split the current window into two parts to view different parts of the document at the same time. Up and down direction

Rearrange all: Tile all open program windows side by side on the screen (arranged top to bottom, different documents, no quantity required)

Side-by-side view: View documents side-by-side for easy comparison. (It can only be two documents, synchronized and compared)

Insert default state: the text sequence behind the cursor moves backward

Rewrite The entered text replaces the text after the cursor position

insert insert rewrite mutual conversion

delete

For non-consecutive blocks of text

Insert symbols in the document

Editing area

selected column

Save up to 24 cuts or copies of content

Paste the default last content (previous content can also be pasted)

Cut, copy and paste multiple times

①Keep source format

②Merge format

③Keep only the text

Navigation Pane (Find to open)

Advanced search

replace

position

Spelling and grammar check F7

autocorrect

Count

Home - Clipboard Group - Format Painter Button

Format brush cannot be brushed

Start - Font group - "Clear format" button

Can't clear

Merge characters: up to 6, combined into a whole, centered when less than 6

Two lines into one: no word limit, justified on both ends

Mixed vertical and horizontal arrangement

Paragraph alignment: left, center, right, justified (default), scattered.

Left indent, right indent, first line indent, hanging indent

First line indent: the amount of indentation from the starting position of the first character in the first line of a paragraph to the left of other lines in the paragraph

Hanging indent: The amount of indentation from the left side of the page for lines other than the first line in a paragraph.

Leading: The distance between lines in a paragraph.

Paragraph Spacing: The distance between two adjacent paragraphs.

Used to align entered text (vertical alignment)

Home - Paragraph Group - "Bullets" "Numbering"

Applies to paragraph, added before paragraph

The bullets are in no order, and the numbers are in order.

Automatically generated numbers/bullets can be undone when a number/bullet has just appeared.

It can be symbols, pictures, fonts, and the color can be changed.

Clearly reflect the hierarchical structure

Applied before paragraphs, only numbering, no outline level

①Change list level

②Increase the indentation, Tab to reduce the list level

③Reduce the indentation, shift+Tab, and increase the list level.

Can't change the format, just paging

Manual page breaks force paging and can be deleted

Automatic page break cannot be deleted

Page layout - the drop-down button on the right side of "Separator" in page settings - select the corresponding section break command.

Sections are independent editing units and can be set in different formats

Section breaks:

After sectioning, you can set different formats for documents in different sections: margins, paper size/orientation, page borders, vertical alignment, headers, footers, columns, page numbering, line numbers, footnotes, and endnotes.

Divided into 2 sections, after deleting section breaks, adopt the format of section 2

Two paragraphs are combined into one paragraph, the font format remains unchanged, and the paragraph format adopts the first paragraph.

Column break: cannot be divided into columns, but can specify text to the next column

Default entire article

Page Layout—Page Settings—Click "Columns"

"Insert"—Header and Footer Group—Header Button

Different home page, different odd and even pages, display document text

The document has been divided into sections. Different headers and footers can be set for different sections of the document. The "Link to previous header" option is unchecked.

Header and footer cannot be set at the same time

It is an important function provided by Word to quickly typeset documents.

Style is the sum of a series of layout formats that come with the Word system or are customized by users, including character formats and paragraph formats.

Creating a new template means creating a new document .dotx

A template is a file with style, background, and content set in advance.

Style: A collection of character formats and paragraph formats saved with meaningful names.

Template: A built-in template file containing fixed format settings and layout settings.

①Quickly adjust mouse drag

②Accurately adjust table tools/layout—cell size

③Evenly adjust distribution rows and columns

④Automatic adjustment

The width of the selected cell can be adjusted, but the height of the selected cell cannot be adjusted.

Overall adjustment, drag the lower right corner, the height will change together, and the width will change by one

Insert Cell Dialog Box

delete