color

Transparency: Normal fresh urine is clear and transparent. Fresh urine discharged during urinary tract infection is white, flocculent and turbid.

Acid-base reaction

proportion

odor

Normal situation: Drinking a lot of water, pregnancy

Pathological conditions: diabetes, diabetes insipidus, acute renal insufficiency

Pathological conditions: patients with fever, low fluid intake, shock and other hypovolemia, as well as heart, kidney, and liver failure

Pathological conditions: severe shock, acute renal failure, drug poisoning

Pathological conditions; bladder and urethra inflammation, tuberculous cystitis, etc.

Filling (pseudoincontinence): neurological disease or lower tract urinary obstruction

Persistence: coma, paraplegia, urethral sphincter injury

Urgency: local inflammation of the bladder, inflammation of the central nervous system, etc.

Stress (incomplete urinary incontinence): reduced bladder sphincter tone and loose pelvic floor periurethral muscles and ligaments

Draining urine in patients with urinary retention relieves pain

Assist clinical diagnosis

Intravesical chemotherapy for patients with bladder tumors

Check the explanation, set up the position and drape, preliminary disinfection, open the catheter bag, wear sterile gloves, lay the hole drape, arrange the supplies, prepare the urinary catheter, disinfect again, insert the urinary catheter, clamp the tube and pour the urine, collect the specimen, remove the catheter and organize the hand washing record

Strictly implement aseptic techniques to prevent urinary tract infections

Pay attention to protecting patient privacy and take measures to keep warm to prevent patients from catching cold

Choose a urinary catheter that is smooth and of appropriate thickness. The intubation action should be gentle to prevent damage to the urethral mucosa.

When catheterizing a female patient, if the catheter accidentally enters the vagina, the sterile catheter should be replaced and re-inserted.

For patients with highly inflated bladders and extreme weakness, the first urination should not exceed 1000ml. A large amount of urination will suddenly reduce the intra-abdominal pressure, and a large amount of blood will be retained in the abdominal blood vessels, which may cause a drop in blood pressure and collapse: a sudden drop in intra-vesical pressure , which can lead to acute congestion of the bladder mucosa and hematuria.

When rescuing critically ill or shock patients, record hourly urine output, measure urine specific gravity, and closely observe changes in the patient's condition.

Pelvic surgery patients empty their bladders so that they remain empty. To avoid accidental injuries during surgery

A urinary catheter is left in place after surgery for certain urinary system diseases to facilitate bladder drainage and flushing, reduce the tension on the surgical incision, and facilitate the healing of the incision.

For patients who are comatose, incontinent, or have wounds on the perineum, drain urine and keep the perineum clean and dry.

Bladder function training for urinary incontinence patients

Check the explanation, position, disinfect the intubation, fix the urinary catheter, observe the drainage, organize the records

Keep drainage smooth (avoid pressure, distortion, and blockage of the urinary catheter)

Prevent retrograde infection of urinary system

Training bladder reflex function (intermittent tube clamping)

Strengthen observation. If you find that your urine is turbid, precipitated, or has crystals, you should flush your bladder.

For patients with indwelling urinary catheters, keep their urine drainage smooth.

Remove blood clots, mucus, bacteria and other foreign matter from the bladder to prevent infection.

Treat certain bladder conditions, such as cystitis and bladder tumors.

Strictly implement aseptic technical operating procedures to prevent infection

Instruct the patient to relax during irrigation. If the patient has abdominal pain, bloating, severe bladder contraction, etc., the irrigation should be suspended. If the patient feels severe pain or has excessive bleeding or drops in blood pressure after flushing, he or she should report to the doctor immediately for treatment.