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MindMap Gallery Materials Science and Engineering Outline

Materials Science and Engineering Outline

This is a mind map about the outline of materials science and engineering. The main contents include: the composition and organizational structure of materials, the synthesis and processing of materials, the four basic elements of materials science and engineering, the classification of materials, the history and develop.

Edited at 2024-03-09 12:07:41

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Materials Science and Engineering Outline

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Outline

Materials Science and Engineering Outline

Material history and development

Material

Materials are substances, but not all substances are materials

Definition: Refers to substances that are acceptable to human society and can be used to economically manufacture useful devices.

effect

Materials are a milestone in the progress of human society

Human society

Science & Technology

Materials are the foundation and forerunner of economic and social development

1. It is the forerunner of the industrial revolution and industrial development.

2. It is the foundation of various industries

3. It is the foundation for high-tech development

Seven eras of material development

Stone Age (ceramics)

Bronze Age (the first alloy in human history was copper-tin alloy)

iron age

cement era

steel age

silicon age

new material era

Classification of materials

Classified by composition and structure

metallic material

The bonding bonds of simple metals are metallic bonds

Inorganic non-metallic materials (ceramics)

Ceramic materials are mainly based on ionic bonds

Polymer Materials

Atoms in macromolecules are held together by strong covalent bonds

composite materials

Bonding is very complex

Classified by performance

Structural materials - engineering component materials, machinery manufacturing materials, etc.

Emphasis on mechanical properties

Functional materials - electronic materials, semiconductor materials, magnetic materials, energy materials, biological materials, etc.

Emphasis on physical and chemical properties

Classified by application and development

traditional materials

new material

Four basic elements of materials science and engineering

performance

The starting point and goal (footing point) of research materials

Synthetic processing

organizational structure

core

chemical composition

Material synthesis and processing

Selection of raw materials

Natural mineral materials (iron ore, galena, etc.)

Inorganic chemical raw materials

Oxide raw materials

non-oxide raw materials

Material composition and organizational structure

Composition: refers to the type and content of elements that make up the material, usually represented by (w) and (x)

Component: refers to the most basic independent substance that makes up a material. It can be a pure element or a stable compound.

Phase: refers to a homogeneous part of a material that has the same chemical composition and the same structure

Structure: refers to the microscopic morphology inside the material, which reflects the shape, size and distribution of each component phase

Structure: the spatial arrangement of the mutual attraction and repulsion between the constituent units of a material (atoms, ions, molecules, etc.)

level of structure

macro level

microscopic level

micro level

Material organization structure

Ionic bonds and ionic crystals

1. Due to the strong binding force of ionic bonds, ionic crystals generally have higher melting points, boiling points and higher hardness.

2. Typical ionic crystals are colorless and transparent

3. Ionic crystals are good insulators

Covalent bonds and covalent crystals

directional and saturating

Metal bonds and metal crystals

Molecular Bonds and Molecular Crystals

The molecular crystal hardness is very low, and the melting and boiling points are also very low.

Hydrogen Bonding and Hydrogen Bonding Crystals

directional and saturating

Three structures of solid materials

quasicrystal

It is a solid between crystalline and amorphous

Amorphous

It is a solid in which the internal particle three-dimensional space does not display a periodic repeating arrangement. It has short-range orderly arrangement but does not have long-range orderly arrangement.

crystal

It refers to a solid formed by the regular arrangement of atoms or atomic groups, ions or molecules in a three-dimensional space in a periodic and repeated manner.

structural basis

Space lattice and unit cell

The unit cells are juxtaposed without gaps and are completely identical.

Other concepts

(1) Number of atoms in a unit cell: refers to the number of atoms contained in a unit cell (2) Atomic radius: half the distance between the two closest atoms in the unit cell (3) Coordination number: refers to the crystal lattice The number of atoms that are at the same distance and closest to any atom in the unit cell (4) Density: refers to the volume fraction occupied by the atoms themselves in the unit cell, also known as the close-packing coefficient of the crystal lattice

crystal defects

point defect

Intrinsic defects (vacancies, gaps)

Impurity defects (replacement atoms must be impurity defects)

Electronic defects (non-stoichiometric structural defects)

Line defects (dislocations)

surface defects

The difference between crystals and amorphous crystals: 1. The atomic arrangement of crystals is long-range ordered, while the arrangement of amorphous atoms does not have long-range order. 2. Crystals have neat and regular geometric shapes, while amorphous shapes are solids with irregular properties. 3. Crystals have fixed The melting point of amorphous crystals is not clear. 4. Single crystals also have anisotropy, while amorphous crystals have isotropy.