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basic biochemistry

This is a mind map about basic biochemistry, including the structure and function of nucleic acids, Protein chemistry, etc. Hope it helps everyone.

Edited at 2023-12-03 00:38:14

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basic biochemistry

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Outline

basic biochemistry

introduction

chemical composition of organisms

Macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides

Small molecules: lipids, water, amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, vitamins

Material and energy metabolism and regulation of organisms

Catabolism: the breakdown of energy-rich biomolecules into energy-poor simple terminal compounds, the path is, ----------glycolysis----tricarboxylic acid cycle----oxidative phosphorylation

Anabolism: the formation of energy-rich biomolecules from energy-poor terminal molecules, which means to provide the reducing power and energy required for metabolism

Information metabolism of organisms

Nucleic acid is mainly used as the carrier of genetic information, and specific metabolism is the central dogma.

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What is biochemistry?

A discipline that studies chemical components and reactions in living organisms, mainly studying the structure and function of proteins, sugars, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.

What is the connection between biochemistry and molecular biology?

The research contents are closely related to the expression and regulation of genes.

Characteristics of living things?

Ability to metabolize, reproduce, and respond to external stimuli-----In a broad sense, if these characteristics can be found on other planets, they can be counted as living things.

Nucleic acid structure and function

Types and chemical composition of nucleic acids

DNA

RNA

structure of nucleic acids

Nucleic acid is the carrier and transmitter of genetic information. It is composed of deoxyribose (ribose), bases, and phosphates.

Physical and chemical properties and applications of nucleic acids

Slightly soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents, can be separated and purified in 70% alcohol

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How is DNA proven?

Pneumococcus transformation experiment

What types of RNA are there? What is the function?

tRNA: carries and transports amino acid function

rRNA: combines with proteins to form ribosomes

mRNA: (messenger) carries transcribed genetic information to ribosomes

What are the structures of the 5 bases?

A/G/T/C/U

How does the dideoxy chain termination method work for DNA sequence determination?

DNA polymerase-catalyzed DNA chain extension occurs at the 3’-OH terminus. Due to the deoxygenation of the 3'-position of 2', 3'-dideoxytriphosphate nucleotides (ddNTP), the free -OH is lost. When it is incorporated into the DNA chain, the 3'-OH end disappears, causing the extension of the DNA chain to terminate. .

Explain the basic characteristics of the DNA double helix built by W and C?

1. It is composed of deoxyribose and phosphate groups alternately connected through ester bonds. There are two main chains, which are "twisted" and rotate in a right-hand direction around a common axis. They are parallel to each other and move in opposite directions to form a double helix configuration. The main chain is outside the helix, which explains the hydrophilicity of the main chain composed of sugar and phosphate.

2. The bases are located inside the helix, and they are connected to the main chain sugar groups through glycosidic bonds in an orientation perpendicular to the helix axis. Bases on the same plane form base pairs between the two backbones. The paired bases are always A and T and G and C. The base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds, two hydrogen bonds are formed between A and T, and three hydrogen bonds are formed between G and C. The base pairs in the DNA structure matched Chatgaff's findings.

3. The major groove and the minor groove respectively refer to the larger groove and the smaller groove that are concave on the surface of the double helix.

What is molecular hybridization? Example application

Single-stranded nucleic acid molecules with complementary sequences but from different sources are combined according to the principle of complementary base pairing. Application: blot hybridization method.

The difference between the primary structure of prokaryotes' mRNA and that of eukaryotes

Prokaryotes have short life spans, mRNA exists in polycistronic form, and transcription and translation are coupled. Eukaryotes have a long lifespan, and their mRNA exists in a monocistronic form. It needs to be transcribed, processed and mature before being translated. In addition, the structure is also different.

protein chemistry

amino acids

peptide

protein molecular structure

The relationship between protein structure and function

Important properties of proteins

Classification of proteins

Protein purification and application

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What is the isoelectric point of an amino acid? How to calculate its isoelectric point in different environments

How to determine the amino acid sequence of an unknown protein?

What analysis can be done based on the amino acid sequence?

Factors affecting the stability of protein structures at all levels

First level structure:

secondary structure:

Three-level structure:

How do hemoglobin and myoglobin combine with oxygen?

What does the transformation and refolding experiments of RNse show?

What is the difference between protein denaturation and precipitation?

lipid metabolism

sugar biosynthesis

Biological oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation

carbohydrate catabolism

Introduction to metabolism

plasma membrane and biofilm

enzyme

Enzymatic explanation of protein and decomposition and transformation of amino acids

Ammonia assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis

Enzymatic degradation of nucleic acids and nucleotide metabolism

Biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins

Cellular metabolic network and gene expression regulation