MindMap Gallery basic biochemistry
This is a mind map about basic biochemistry, including the structure and function of nucleic acids, Protein chemistry, etc. Hope it helps everyone.
Edited at 2023-12-03 00:38:14This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
basic biochemistry
introduction
chemical composition of organisms
Macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides
Small molecules: lipids, water, amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, vitamins
Material and energy metabolism and regulation of organisms
Catabolism: the breakdown of energy-rich biomolecules into energy-poor simple terminal compounds, the path is, ----------glycolysis----tricarboxylic acid cycle----oxidative phosphorylation
Anabolism: the formation of energy-rich biomolecules from energy-poor terminal molecules, which means to provide the reducing power and energy required for metabolism
Information metabolism of organisms
Nucleic acid is mainly used as the carrier of genetic information, and specific metabolism is the central dogma.
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What is biochemistry?
A discipline that studies chemical components and reactions in living organisms, mainly studying the structure and function of proteins, sugars, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.
What is the connection between biochemistry and molecular biology?
The research contents are closely related to the expression and regulation of genes.
Characteristics of living things?
Ability to metabolize, reproduce, and respond to external stimuli-----In a broad sense, if these characteristics can be found on other planets, they can be counted as living things.
Nucleic acid structure and function
Types and chemical composition of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
structure of nucleic acids
Nucleic acid is the carrier and transmitter of genetic information. It is composed of deoxyribose (ribose), bases, and phosphates.
Physical and chemical properties and applications of nucleic acids
Slightly soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents, can be separated and purified in 70% alcohol
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How is DNA proven?
Pneumococcus transformation experiment
What types of RNA are there? What is the function?
tRNA: carries and transports amino acid function
rRNA: combines with proteins to form ribosomes
mRNA: (messenger) carries transcribed genetic information to ribosomes
What are the structures of the 5 bases?
A/G/T/C/U
How does the dideoxy chain termination method work for DNA sequence determination?
DNA polymerase-catalyzed DNA chain extension occurs at the 3’-OH terminus. Due to the deoxygenation of the 3'-position of 2', 3'-dideoxytriphosphate nucleotides (ddNTP), the free -OH is lost. When it is incorporated into the DNA chain, the 3'-OH end disappears, causing the extension of the DNA chain to terminate. .
Explain the basic characteristics of the DNA double helix built by W and C?
1. It is composed of deoxyribose and phosphate groups alternately connected through ester bonds. There are two main chains, which are "twisted" and rotate in a right-hand direction around a common axis. They are parallel to each other and move in opposite directions to form a double helix configuration. The main chain is outside the helix, which explains the hydrophilicity of the main chain composed of sugar and phosphate.
2. The bases are located inside the helix, and they are connected to the main chain sugar groups through glycosidic bonds in an orientation perpendicular to the helix axis. Bases on the same plane form base pairs between the two backbones. The paired bases are always A and T and G and C. The base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds, two hydrogen bonds are formed between A and T, and three hydrogen bonds are formed between G and C. The base pairs in the DNA structure matched Chatgaff's findings.
3. The major groove and the minor groove respectively refer to the larger groove and the smaller groove that are concave on the surface of the double helix.
What is molecular hybridization? Example application
Single-stranded nucleic acid molecules with complementary sequences but from different sources are combined according to the principle of complementary base pairing. Application: blot hybridization method.
The difference between the primary structure of prokaryotes' mRNA and that of eukaryotes
Prokaryotes have short life spans, mRNA exists in polycistronic form, and transcription and translation are coupled. Eukaryotes have a long lifespan, and their mRNA exists in a monocistronic form. It needs to be transcribed, processed and mature before being translated. In addition, the structure is also different.
protein chemistry
amino acids
peptide
protein molecular structure
The relationship between protein structure and function
Important properties of proteins
Classification of proteins
Protein purification and application
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What is the isoelectric point of an amino acid? How to calculate its isoelectric point in different environments
How to determine the amino acid sequence of an unknown protein?
What analysis can be done based on the amino acid sequence?
Factors affecting the stability of protein structures at all levels
First level structure:
secondary structure:
Three-level structure:
How do hemoglobin and myoglobin combine with oxygen?
What does the transformation and refolding experiments of RNse show?
What is the difference between protein denaturation and precipitation?
lipid metabolism
sugar biosynthesis
Biological oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation
carbohydrate catabolism
Introduction to metabolism
plasma membrane and biofilm
enzyme
Enzymatic explanation of protein and decomposition and transformation of amino acids
Ammonia assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis
Enzymatic degradation of nucleic acids and nucleotide metabolism
Biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins
Cellular metabolic network and gene expression regulation