1. Capital market: The capital market refers to the financial market for securities financing and medium- and long-term fund lending for more than one year. The money market is a financial market that operates short-term financing within one year. Fund demanders raise long-term funds through the capital market and short-term funds through the money market.

2. Stocks: Stocks are share certificates issued by a joint-stock company to investors when raising capital, representing their holders' ownership of the joint-stock company. It has the following basic characteristics: non-repayability, participation, profitability (stocks are usually preferred investment objects during periods of high inflation), liquidity, price volatility and risk.

3. Bonds: Bonds are credit and debt certificates issued to investors when governments, financial institutions, industrial and commercial enterprises and other institutions directly borrow money from society to raise funds, and promise to pay interest at a certain interest rate and repay the principal according to agreed conditions. It has the following characteristics: repayment, liquidity, safety, and profitability.

4. Convertible securities: are securities whose holders have the right to convert them into another security of a different nature, mainly including convertible corporate bonds and convertible preferred stocks.

5. Warrants: Issued by the issuer of the underlying security or a third party other than it, it stipulates that the holder has the right to purchase or sell the underlying securities to the issuer at an agreed price within a specified period or on a specific maturity date, or at a specified price. Securities that receive the settlement difference in cash settlement.

6. Subscription warrants: Securities issued by the issuer that stipulate that the holder has the right to purchase the underlying securities from the issuer at an agreed price within a specified period or on a specific maturity date.

7. Put warrants: Securities issued by the issuer that stipulate that the holder has the right to sell the underlying security to the issuer at an agreed price within a specified period or on a specific maturity date.

8. Securities investment funds: Funds refer to a collective securities investment method that shares benefits and risks, that is, by issuing fund units, investors’ funds are pooled, hosted by the fund custodian, and managed and used by the fund manager. , engaged in investing in financial instruments such as stocks and bonds.

9. Open-end fund: refers to a fund in which the total amount of fund issuance is not fixed, the total number of fund units increases or decreases at any time, and investors can subscribe or redeem fund units at business locations specified by the state according to the fund's quotation.

10. Closed-end fund: refers to a fund in which the total issuance amount is determined in advance, the total number of fund units remains unchanged during the closed period, and investors can transfer and buy and sell fund units through the securities market after the fund is listed.

11. Primary market: refers to the primary market of stocks, that is, the issuance market, in which investors can subscribe for stocks issued by the company.

12. The full name of IPO is Initial public offering (Initial Public Offering), which refers to the issuance method of a company (a joint stock company or a limited liability company) to the public for the first time.

13. Issuance price: When stocks are issued on the market, the listed company will not issue the listed stocks at face value from the perspective of the company's own interests and ensuring the success of the stock listing, but will set a more reasonable price for issuance. This price is called The issue price of the stock.

14. Premium issuance: refers to a newly listed company conducting a public issuance at a price higher than the face value or an already listed company conducting a cash capital increase at a price higher than the face value.

15. Issuance at a discount: refers to issuance at a price lower than the current price.

16. Secondary market: refers to the circulation market, which is a place where issued stocks are bought and sold.

17. A shares: The official name of A shares is RMB ordinary shares.

18. B shares: The official name of B shares is RMB special stocks.

19. H shares: H shares are foreign shares registered in the Mainland and listed in Hong Kong.

20. S shares: The Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges will adjust the securities abbreviations of A shares at one time. Among them, 1,014 G companies canceled the "G" mark and restored their stock abbreviations before the implementation of the shareholding reform plan; the remaining 276 companies that have not undergone shareholding reform or have undergone shareholding reform but have not yet implemented it have their abbreviations marked with "S" as a reminder. investor.

21. ST stocks: ST sector stocks refer to stocks listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets. Stocks that have been specially treated by the China Securities Regulatory Commission to remind investors to pay attention due to operating losses or other abnormal circumstances.

22. ST stocks: ST sector stocks refer to stocks listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets. The China Securities Regulatory Commission reminds investors to pay special attention to stocks that are subject to special treatment for stocks that are at risk of being terminated from listing.

23. Blue chip stocks: Blue chip stocks refer to the stocks issued by listed companies with strong capital, large share capital and market capitalization and good reputation.

24. Red chip stocks: Red chip stocks are stocks with mainland China concepts registered overseas and listed in Hong Kong by Hong Kong and international investors.

25. Blue-chip stocks: refer to stocks that have had better performance and earnings in the past few years and are still promising in the next few years, but they will no longer have the possibility of high growth. The industry has good prospects and the return on investment can maintain a certain high level.

26. Junk stocks: Junk stocks refer to stocks of companies with poor performance. Some of these mid-level companies have even entered the ranks of losses due to poor industry prospects or poor management. Its stock performance in the market has been lackluster, with a lower share price, inactive trading and a poor year-end dividend.

27. Growth stocks: refer to the stocks of companies with high profit growth rates in newly added promising industries. The share prices of growth stocks are on an upward trend.

28. Unpopular stocks: refers to stocks with small trading volume, poor liquidity, and small price changes.

29. Leading stocks: Leading stocks refer to stocks that have influence and appeal on other stocks in the same industry sector during the stock market speculation during a certain period. Its rise and fall often guide and guide the rise and fall of other stocks in the same industry sector. Demonstration effect. Leading stocks are not static, and their status can often only be maintained for a period of time.

30. State shares: State shares refer to the shares formed by the investment of state-owned assets into the company by departments or institutions (State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission) that have the authority to invest on behalf of the state, including shares converted from the company’s existing state-owned assets. It is an integral part of state-owned equity.

31. Legal person shares: Legal person shares refer to unlisted tradable shares formed by corporate legal persons or public institutions and social groups with legal person qualifications that invest their legally disposable assets into the company.

32. Public shares: Public shares refer to the shares that can be listed and circulated when the public invests their property in the company in accordance with the law.

33. Fundamentals: Fundamentals include the macroeconomic operating situation and the basic situation of listed companies. The macroeconomic operating situation reflects the overall operating performance of listed companies and also sets the background for the further development of listed companies. Therefore, the macroeconomics is closely related to listed companies and corresponding stock prices. The fundamentals of listed companies include financial status, profitability, market share, operation and management system, talent composition and other aspects.

34. Technical aspect: Technical aspect refers to technical indicators, trend patterns, K-line combinations, etc. that reflect intermediate changes. Technical analysis has three premise assumptions: market behavior contains all information; price changes have certain trends or patterns; and history will repeat itself. Since market behavior is believed to include all information, factors such as macroeconomic and policy aspects can be ignored. However, it is believed that price changes have regular patterns and history will repeat itself, making it easier to judge future trends based on historical transaction data.

35. Bull market: A bull market is also called a bull market, which refers to a generally bullish market that lasts for a long time.

36. Bear market: A bear market is also called a short market, which refers to a market that is generally bearish and lasts for a relatively long period of time.

37. Cowhide market: refers to the fact that on the trading day under investigation, the price of securities rises and falls only slightly, and the price does not change much. The market price seems to be nailed, as tough as cowhide.

38. Call bidding: The so-called call bidding means that when there is no transaction price on the day, the stock price is entered based on the closing price of the previous day and the prediction of the stock market of the day. During this period, all prices entered into the computer host are equal. , there is no need to trade according to the principles of time priority and price priority, but to determine the price of the stock according to the principle of maximum trading volume. This price is called the call auction price, and this process is called call auction.

39. Continuous bidding: The so-called continuous bidding refers to each transaction order declared.

40. Odd lot trading: Stocks with less than one trading unit (1 lot = 100 shares), such as 1 share or 10 shares, are called odd lots. When selling stocks, odd lots can be used for entrustment; but when buying stocks At this time, orders cannot be made in odd lots, and the minimum unit is 1 lot, that is, 100 shares.

41. Price limit: The price limit means that within a trading day, except for securities on the first day of listing, the trading price of a security shall not rise or fall by more than 10% relative to the closing price of the previous trading day; if the price limit is exceeded, the price limit shall not exceed 10%. The delegation is invalid.

42. Daily limit: The highest limit of the stock price on the trading day in the securities market is called the daily limit, and the stock price at the upper limit is called the daily limit price.

43. Lower limit: The lowest limit of the stock price on the day of securities trading is called the lower limit, and the stock price at the lower limit is called the lower limit price.

44. Custody: Custody is under the custodian securities firm system. Investors entrust these securities firms to manage their shares through subscription, purchase, conversion, etc. at one or several securities firms, and can only sell their securities at these securities firms; Brokerages provide investors with various business services such as securities purchase, automatic payment of dividends, securities and fund inquiries, and custody transfer.

45. Transfer of trusteeship: Transfer of trusteeship is under the custody brokerage system. If investors want to transfer their custody shares from one brokerage to another, they must go through certain procedures to realize the transfer of entrusted management of the shares, which is the so-called Transfer to escrow.

46. ​​Designated trading: Designated trading means that investors can designate a certain securities business department as the only trading business department for buying and selling securities.

47. Dividends: The closing price of a stock on the previous day minus the dividends paid by the listed company is called dividends.

48. Inclusive rights: Any stock that has the right to distribute but has not been distributed is called included rights.

49. Ex-rights: Ex-rights is due to the increase in the company's share capital and the decrease in the actual value of the enterprise represented by each share of the stock (net assets per share). This factor needs to be removed from the stock market price after this fact occurs. Behavior.

50. Fill-in rights: refers to the situation where the stock price rises after the ex-rights period and the price gap before and after the ex-rights period is fully compensated.

51. Rights discount: Rights discount means that during a period of time after ex-rights and dividends, if most people are not optimistic about the stock and the trading market price is lower than the ex-rights (ex-dividend) benchmark price, that is, the stock price has dropped compared with before the ex-rights and dividends, then it is a discount. right.

52. XR: XR is written before the name of the security, which means that the stock has been ex-rights. After purchasing such a stock, you will no longer have the right to dividends. When the word XR appears before the stock name, it indicates that that day is the ex-dividend date of the stock.

53. Ex-dividend: Due to the distribution of dividends by the company's shareholders, the actual value of the enterprise (net assets per share) represented by each share of the stock has decreased. This factor needs to be removed from the stock market price after this fact occurs, resulting in the elimination Behavior.

54. DR: The security code is marked with DR, which means ex-rights and ex-dividend. If you buy such a stock, you will no longer have the right to receive bonus shares and dividends.

55. XD: XD is marked before the security code, indicating that the stock is ex-dividend. After purchasing such a stock, you will no longer have the right to pay dividends.

56. Allotment of shares: Allotment of shares is an act by a listed company to further issue new shares to original shareholders and raise funds in accordance with the needs of the company's development and in accordance with relevant regulations and corresponding procedures.

57. Dividends and allotment: Dividends are the return on investment of listed companies to shareholders; allotments are the behavior of listed companies in accordance with the needs of company development and in accordance with relevant regulations and corresponding procedures to issue new shares to original shareholders to further raise funds.

58. Giving out bonus shares: Giving out bonus shares means that a listed company will retain this year’s profits in the company and issue shares as dividends, thereby converting profits into equity capital.

59. Conversion to share capital: Conversion to share capital means that the company converts capital reserves into share capital. Conversion to share capital does not change shareholders' rights and interests, but it increases the scale of share capital. Therefore, the objective results are similar to giving bonus shares.

60. Equity registration date: When a listed company gives away shares, allots shares and pays dividends, it needs to set a certain day to define which shareholders can participate in dividends or allotment. The day set is the equity registration date.

61. Shell listing: Shell listing means that some unlisted companies acquire some listed companies with poor performance and weakened financing capabilities, divest the assets of the acquired companies, and inject their own assets, thereby achieving the purpose of indirect listing.

62. Reduction of large and small non-tradable shares: Non-tradable shares refer to non-tradable shares. Due to the shareholding reform, non-tradable shares can be tradable. Non-tradable shares holding less than 5% are called small non-tradable shares, and those holding more than 5% are called large non-tradable shares. After non-tradable stocks can be circulated, they will sell them to cash out, which is called reduction of holdings.

63. Valuation: Stock valuation is a stock investment method and concept that uses certain methods to discover the intrinsic value of stocks and buy undervalued stocks or sell overvalued stocks to obtain investment income.

64. Value regression: When the stock index or stock price deviates seriously from its intrinsic value, the stock index or stock price drops to its intrinsic value.

65. QFII: Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor.

66. DQII: Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor.

67. K line: also known as Japan line, originated in Japan. The K line is a columnar line composed of shadow lines and entities. The part of the shadow above the entity is called the upper shadow, and the part below it is called the lower shadow. The entity is divided into two types: Yang line and Yin line, also known as red (Yang) line and black (Yin) line. The record of a K-line is the price change of a certain stock in one day.

68. Entity: The difference between the closing price and the opening price of the day. If the closing price is greater than the opening price, it is called a positive entity, and if the closing price is less than the opening price, it is called a negative entity. Under normal circumstances, the appearance of a positive entity indicates that buying is relatively strong, pushing the stock price upward, while the appearance of a negative entity indicates that selling is active, forcing the stock price to fall steadily.

69. Yang line (red line): The long rectangular bar in the middle of the K-line chart is called the entity. If the opening price is higher than the closing price, the entity is the Yang line or red line.

70. Yin line (black line): The long rectangular bar in the middle of the K-line chart is called the entity. If the closing price is higher than the opening price, the entity is the negative line or black line.

71. Upper shadow line: In the K-line chart, the thin line extending upward from the entity is called the upper shadow line. In the positive line, it is the difference between the highest price and the closing price of the day; in the negative line, it is the difference between the highest price and the opening price of the day.

72. Lower shadow: In the K-line chart, the thin line extending downward from the entity is called the lower shadow. In the positive line, it is the difference between the opening price and the lowest price of the day; in the negative line, it is the difference between the closing price and the lowest price of the day.

73. Trend: It is the direction of stock price market movement; there are three directions of trend: upward direction, downward direction and horizontal direction. There are three types of trends: primary trend, secondary trend and short-term trend.

74. Trend line: A trend line is a straight line used to measure the direction of price fluctuations. The direction of the trend line can clearly see the trend of the stock price. In an uptrend, connecting two lows in a straight line creates an uptrend line. In a downtrend, connecting two high points in a straight line creates a downtrend line. The upward trend line acts as support, and the downward trend line acts as pressure. That is to say, the upward trend line is a kind of support line, and the downward trend line is a kind of pressure line.

75. Support line: also called resistance line. When the stock price falls near a certain price, the stock price stops falling and may even rebound. This is caused by long parties buying here. The support line serves to prevent the stock price from continuing to fall. The price that prevents the stock price from continuing to fall is the position of the support line.

76. Pressure line: also called resistance line. When the stock price rises near a certain price, the stock price will stop rising or even fall back. This is caused by short selling here. The pressure line plays the role of preventing the stock price from continuing to list. The price that prevents the stock price from continuing to rise is where the pressure line is.

77. Orbital line: Also known as channel line or pipeline line, it is a method based on trend lines. After the trend line has been obtained, a parallel line to the trend line can be drawn through the first peak and trough. This parallel line is the orbit line. The function of the track is to limit the range of stock price changes so that it cannot become too outrageous. Once a track is confirmed, the price will move within the channel. A breakout of the upper or lower straight line will mean there is a big change.

78. Deceptive line: The main force or large investors use market psychology to manipulate the trend line, causing retail investors to make wrong decisions.

79. Chips: Investors hold a certain number of stocks.

80. Long: A trading behavior that anticipates future price increases, buys a certain number of stocks at the current price, and then sells them at a higher price after the price rises, thereby earning a profit from the price difference. The characteristic is a trading behavior of buying first and selling later.

81. Short position: If the market is expected to fall in the future, sell the stock at the current price, buy it after the market falls, and profit from the price difference. Its characteristic is the trading behavior of selling first and then buying.

82. Bullish: Various factors and news that are beneficial to bulls and can stimulate the rise of stock prices, such as: monetary easing, accelerated GDP growth, etc.

83. Negative: Factors and information that are beneficial to short sellers and can cause the stock price to fall, such as: rising interest rates, economic recession, company operating losses, etc.

84. Bull trap (bull trap): It is a trap set by bulls. It usually occurs when the index or stock price reaches new highs repeatedly, quickly breaks through the original index area and reaches a new high point, and then quickly falls below the previous support level. As a result, Investors who bought at high prices were severely trapped.

85. Short trap (short trap): It usually occurs when the index or stock price falls from a high level to a new low area with high trading volume, and creates the illusion of a downward breakthrough, causing panic selling to quickly rise back to the original level. intensive trading area, and breaks through the original pressure line upwards, causing sellers at low points to go short.

86. Gap gap and covering: It means that there is no transaction between two adjacent K lines. Due to the impact of sudden news, or when investors are optimistic or bearish, the stock price appears in a blank area on the trend chart. This is the gap; in the subsequent trend of the stock price, filling up the gap is called short filling.

87. Rebound: In the stock market, the stock price shows a continuous downward trend, and finally reverses and rises to a certain price due to the rapid decline in stock price. This phenomenon is called rebound.

88. Reversal: The stock price moves in the opposite direction of the original trend, which is divided into upward reversal and downward reversal.

89. Retracement: In the stock market, the stock price shows a continuous upward trend, and eventually reverses back to a certain price due to the rapid rise in stock price. This adjustment phenomenon is called retracement.

90. Retracement: After the stock index or stock price rises slowly, the trend changes and slowly falls to the previous low area, it is a retracement.

91. Consolidation: After a period of rapid rise or fall, the stock price encounters resistance or support and shows a slight rise or fall, and the stock price changes hands. The stock price fluctuates within a limited range, which generally refers to fluctuations within a range of 5%.

92. Overbought: The stock price continues to rise to a certain height, the buyer's power is basically exhausted, and the stock price is about to fall.

93. Oversold: The stock price continues to fall to a certain low, the seller's power is basically exhausted, and the stock price is about to rise.

94. Foodie: Refers to the bookmaker secretly buying stocks when the price is low, which is called foodie.

95. Shipment: It means that the banker quietly sells the stock when the price is high, which is called shipment.

96. Long and short: The buyer who was originally optimistic about the market changed his opinion and became a seller.

97. Long flip: The party that originally planned to sell the stock changed its view and became a buyer.

98. Buy more and kill more: It is generally believed that the stock price will rise that day, so those who grab the long hat hold long positions. However, the stock price does not rise significantly and cannot be sold at a high price. When the transaction is about to end, they actually sell, thus causing the stock price at the closing price. A sharp decline.

99. Full position: all the stocks are in hand, and all the money has been spent on stocks.

100. Half position: half stocks, half funds.

101. Short position: There are no stocks in hand, all are sold short.

102. Liquidation: Generally speaking, it is painful to sell the stocks that have lost money.

103. Position opening: Investors begin to buy bullish stocks.

104. Cover your position: Buy back the stocks you sold before, or buy some more on a certain stock.

105. Adding a position: Your first purchase of a stock is called opening a position; continuing to buy a stock in the future is called adding a position.

106. Breakthrough: refers to a price fluctuation that occurs after a period of trading.

107. Bottoming: When the stock price continues to fall to a certain price, it stops falling and rebounds, once or several times.

108. Cutting: refers to buying a stock at a high price and then the general trend falls. In order to avoid further losses, the stock is sold at a low price at a loss.

109. Chasing high: When the stock price is at an absolutely high level, continue to buy stocks.

110. Short squeeze: refers to the continuous sharp rise of bulls, forcing shorts to stop their losses and surrender.

111. Selling: Immediately sell all the stocks in hand.

112. Leaving the market: When a downward trend is formed, it is expected not to participate in stock operations for a period of time in the future, which is referred to as leaving the market.

113. Die long: You are optimistic about the prospects of the stock market. After buying a stock, if the stock price drops, you would rather keep it for a few years and never sell it unless you make money.

114. Market protection: In order to keep the stock price stable, market makers invest funds to buy stocks that are being sold in the market to keep the stock price relatively stable.

115. Crash: A crash means that due to some negative reasons, a large number of securities are sold in the securities market, causing the price of the securities market to fall indefinitely, and it is unknown to what extent it will stop. This phenomenon of selling securities in large amounts one after another is also known as a selling surge.

116. Diving: Diving refers to a rapid decline in a short period of time; the market or a certain stock falls sharply and violently despite all odds, that is, the trend goes straight down in a short period of time like a high platform carrying water.

117. Pull up and pull up: Pull up and pull up is to use extraordinary methods to significantly raise the stock price. Usually, large investors sell large amounts to make huge profits after lifting and pulling.

118. Suppression: Suppression is the use of extraordinary methods to significantly lower the stock price. Usually large investors buy in large quantities to make huge profits after being suppressed.

118. Washing the market: In order to reduce the cost and resistance of raising prices, large market makers first drive down the stock price significantly, collect the stocks sold by retail investors in panic, and then raise the stock price to take advantage of the price difference.

119. Arrangement: After the stock price rises or falls sharply and rapidly, it encounters a resistance line or a support line. The original rising or falling trend slows down significantly, and begins to jump up and down with an amplitude of about 15%, which lasts for a period of time. This phenomenon is called finishing.

120. Profit-taking and hold-up: Profit-taking generally refers to the part of the stock that can be sold to make money in stock trading. Every stock has a profit margin and a hold-up margin, and a hold-up margin means a loss on the stock purchased. They interact.

121. Increased volume and reduced volume: They refer to the trading volume of a stock. Compared with the previous day or a period of time, it has increased or decreased, which is called increased volume or reduced volume.

122. Stop loss: refers to the timely liquidation of the position when the loss of a certain investment reaches a predetermined amount to avoid greater losses. Its purpose is to limit losses to a smaller range when investment mistakes occur.

123. All bad news: In the securities market, security prices fall due to the impact of various adverse news. This trend continues for a period of time, and when it falls to a certain level, the power of the short side begins to weaken, and investors must no longer be affected by these negative news. Affected by negative factors, security prices begin to rebound and rise. This phenomenon is called the exhaustion of negative factors.

124. Strong adjustment: The main force is washing the market. Through the washing, it cleans out the unsteady profit taking and unwinding of the market. At the same time, it increases the market cost of the market, thereby clearing obstacles for the main force and reducing the upward pressure.

125. Inertia: When in a rising or falling trend, the trend will generally continue.

126. Falling back from highs: It means that after the stock index or stock price rises to a certain position within a period of time, the trend changes and forms a decline.

127. Large oscillation: refers to the stock index or stock price constantly changing between the highest and lowest points in a short period of time, with an amplitude greater than 5%.

128. Shock adjustment: The buyer and seller have equal power, fluctuate up and down at a certain price, try their best to adjust the price to its value, and fluctuate up and down and oscillate around the value.

129. Divergence: Divergence refers to when a stock or index continues to hit new lows (highs) while falling or rising, but some technical indicators do not follow the new lows (highs), which is called divergence.

130. Passivation: When the stock trend forms a unilateral rise (or fall), after the technical indicator produces a dead cross (or golden cross), the stock price does not move in the opposite direction, but only trades sideways at a high (or low) level, and the indicator line Sometimes they are twisted together like a rope. This condition is called "passivation".

131. Shake position: Shake position means that the main force clearly wants to increase the stock price, but due to short-term buyers using chart analysis to follow the trend, or receiving gossip about the stock, the main force does not want these people to sit in vain. The sedan chair is a waste of money, so I obviously want to push it up, but I deliberately drive the stock price down. Most short-term speculators buy up and not down, or chase the rise and kill the fall. When the stock price drops unexpectedly, many short-term followers will cut their positions and leave the market, and they will be shocked by the main force. Some people also call this dishwashing.

132. Hold-up: Buying a stock in anticipation of a rise in stock price, but the stock price falls, and being unwilling to sell the stock, passively wait for profit opportunities to appear.

133. Cloudy drop: refers to the situation where the stock price takes two steps back and slowly declines, such as continuous rain that does not stop for a long time.

134. Long momentum: all conditions that support rising stock prices.

135. Short position and wait-and-see: Judging that the stock will not be easy to operate in the future, that is, short position and wait-and-see.

136. Daily opening price: The daily opening price refers to the first transaction price of each trading day, which is the traditional definition of opening price. Currently, the Chinese market uses collective bidding to generate the opening price.

137. Daily closing price: The daily closing price refers to the last transaction price on each trading day. Because the closing price is the standard for the current day's market and the basis for the opening price of the next trading day, which can be used to predict future securities market conditions, investors generally use the closing price as the basis for calculation when analyzing the market.

138. Daily lowest price: refers to the lowest price among the transaction prices of the stock on that day.

139. Daily highest price: refers to the highest price among the transaction prices of the stock on that day.

140. Daily trading volume: refers to the total amount of stocks traded on that day.

141. Daily trading volume: refers to the number of stocks traded on that day.

142. Total hands: Total hands is the total trading volume (number of hands) of the stock so far.

143. Current hand: Current hand is the number of lots in a transaction that has just been completed.

144. Handicap: In stock trading, the specific trading information of 5 levels of buying and selling of individual stocks. "Handicap" is a common name for watching the market and observing trading trends during the stock market trading process.

145. Internal trading: Those who entrust the buyer to complete the transaction are included in the "internal trading". The total number of lots traded when the transaction price is the buying price is called internal trading. When the cumulative number of external disks is much larger than the cumulative number of internal disks and the stock price is also rising, it indicates that many people are rushing to buy stocks.

146. External offer: Those entrusted to the seller to complete the transaction are included in the "outer offer". The total number of lots traded when the transaction price is the selling price is called an external offer.

147. Volume ratio: the ratio of the total number of transactions on the day to the recent average number of transactions. If the volume ratio value is greater than 1, it means that the total trading volume at this time has been enlarged; if the volume ratio value is less than 1, it means that the total trading volume at this time has shrunk.

148. Commission comparison: By comparing the difference between the number of commissioned buying lots and the commissioned number of selling lots and the number of commissioned buying lots and commissioned selling lots.

149. Turnover rate: Turnover rate refers to the frequency with which stocks change hands in the market within a certain period of time. It is one of the indicators that reflects the liquidity of stocks. The calculation formula is: turnover rate = (trading volume within a certain period of time/number of shares in circulation) × 100%.

150. Price-to-earnings ratio (PE): Price-to-earnings ratio, also known as share earnings ratio or price-to-earnings ratio, is the ratio of a stock's market price to its earnings per share. The calculation formula is: Price-to-earnings ratio = current market price per share/after-tax profit per share.

151. Price-to-book ratio (PB): It is the ratio of stock market price to net assets per share. Price-to-book ratio = stock market price/net assets per share.

152. After-tax profit per share: After-tax profit per share, also known as earnings per share, can be calculated by dividing the company's after-tax profit by the company's total number of shares.

153. Market value: It is the market value of the stock, which can also be said to be the market price of the stock. It includes the issuance price and transaction price of the stock. The market price of stocks is determined by the market. The par value and market value of a stock are often not consistent.