MindMap Gallery Introduction to Biochemistry-Molecular Level Mind Map
This is an introduction to biochemistry - a mind map at the molecular level, including the decomposition and synthesis of biomolecules, energy changes during reactions, the cracking and control of metabolism, a brief history of biochemistry, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-06 11:23:23This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Introduction to Biochemistry-Molecular Level
Synthesis and Regulation of Bioinformatic Molecules
(storage, transmission and expression of genetic information)
Structure, properties and functions of biomolecules
chemical composition of organisms
element
Mainly: C H O N P S Ca K Na Mg Cl
Trace amount: Mn Fe Co Cu Zn Se I Cr Si V F B Mo Sn Ni Br (enzyme activator or enzyme cofactor)
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen have the characteristics of easily forming covalent bonds
Existence: inorganic matter (water and inorganic salts) organic matter
Decomposition and synthesis of biomolecules, energy changes during reactions, and the cracking and control of metabolism
Synthesis and Regulation of Bioinformatic Molecules
The distribution and existence form of water in living organisms
free water
Bound water: combined with proteins and mucopolysaccharides in the body, making it difficult to flow
effect
A good solvent, many substances in living organisms can be dissolved in water
Directly participate in hydrolysis and redox reactions
Plays the role of transporting substances in the body
Maintain body temperature stability
lubrication
For plants, water can maintain the inherent posture of the plant
cell classification
Pronucleus: The outside is a protective cell wall; inside the cell wall is a cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane; the cell membrane wraps the cytoplasm and the nucleus, also called nucleoplasm or nucleoid.
organelles
Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the site of biochemical reactions such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, biological oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Endoplasmic reticulum: The membrane is scattered with ribosomes. After proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, they can enter the vacuole space through the membrane. Some are temporarily stored in the cell, and some are finally transported outside the cell (rough Noodles) play an important role in metabolism and detoxification (smooth noodles)
Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi apparatus has the function of gathering, concentrating and storing proteins.
lysosome
chloroplast
Microtubules: Microtubules are long fibers composed of tubulin. Their function is to serve as the skeleton of the cell and maintain the shape of the cell. Microtubules are found in cilia, flagella and spindles, and they mainly play a role in movement
Microfilaments: Microfilaments are slender protein fibers in cells. Their functions not only include directional movement of cytoplasmic components due to contraction, but also form a cytoskeleton with microtubules and bind to proteins on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Affects plasma membrane flow
Cytoplasm: is a colloidal solution composed of proteins, nucleic acids, sugars and other metabolites. Many metabolic reactions such as glycolysis, amino acid activation, and fatty acid synthesis occur in the cytoplasm
Cell membrane: A bilayer structure containing a large amount of lipids and proteins that shapes cells and has functions such as permeability and shielding.
Nucleus: Biochemical reactions such as DNA replication and RNA transcription are carried out in the nucleus.
Common systems in life sciences
Virus
Viruses: Studies on viral gene structure and expression have clarified certain principles of eukaryotic gene expression regulation, such as gene overlap, discovery of introns, post-transcriptional pruning, the presence of repetitive sequences and enhancers, etc.
bacteria
1. Fast growth and small size; 2. Easy to culture and operate; 3. Strong metabolism; 4. Clear gene structure; 5. Free plasmid; 6. Transposon (transposon is a type of DNA sequence that moves its position on the genome); 7. Can be invaded by phages
yeast
Yeast itself has transposons and free plasmids, making it a good recipient of genetic engineering; as a lower eukaryote, yeast has many special properties
The telomere structure of chromosomes such as Tetrahymena and Drosophila can function in yeast. Some genes in yeast contain introns and therefore have a post-transcriptional processing system unique to eukaryotes.
Secretory signals from many higher animals and plants also play a role in yeast
Yeast has a glycosylase system and a post-translational processing system;
Yeast contains a structure similar to oncogenes, which has been recently discovered to be very similar to higher organisms. Therefore, yeast will be a simple model for studying oncogenes.
Tetrahymena: discovery of RNA catalytic function; elucidation of chromosome telomere structure and its replication mechanism
Nematodes: 1. Easy to cultivate and preserve; 2. The life cycle is short, and a hybridization only takes 3 days; 3. The experimental operation is simple, the results are stable, and are less affected by environmental factors; 4. The mutants have obvious characteristics and can be Judgment based on morphology under a microscope; 5. Gender differentiation: females and hermaphrodites can be distinguished morphologically. This brings great convenience to genetic analysis; 6. The number of cells in an individual adult worm is strictly certain (males have 1031 cells, and hermaphrodites have 959 cells)
Drosophila: 1. Short generation cycle, usually 10 to 12 days at 25°C. 2. Small body, easy to raise, low cost of cultivation. 3. Strong fecundity, with a large number of offspring available for inspection and statistics. 4. Wide distribution, many species They are all cosmopolitan. 5. The number of chromosomes is small, which is particularly convenient for studying the details of chromosome structure. 6. It is easy to obtain mutants. This advantage is not found in other animals. 7. Drosophila also has a complex nerve center, but it is easier to analyze, so Low-level fruit flies are better genetic models than humans themselves
Transgenic animals: Transgenic animals refer to a type of animal that has exogenous genes stably integrated into its genome, introduced experimentally, and can be passed on to future generations.
A brief history of biochemistry
Lavoisier (Father of Biochemistry)
Liebig (proposed metabolism)
Fisher (discovered enzyme specificity)
Krebs (discovered the tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Pauling (molecular diseases)
Watson and Crick (double helix structure of the DNA molecule)
Fundamental contents
1. Discover and clarify the molecular basis of living objects: the chemical composition, structure and properties of biomolecules
2. The relationship between the structure and function of biomolecules and life phenomena
3. The interaction and change rules of biomolecules in organisms