element

A good solvent, many substances in living organisms can be dissolved in water

Directly participate in hydrolysis and redox reactions

Plays the role of transporting substances in the body

Maintain body temperature stability

lubrication

For plants, water can maintain the inherent posture of the plant

Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the site of biochemical reactions such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, biological oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Endoplasmic reticulum: The membrane is scattered with ribosomes. After proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, they can enter the vacuole space through the membrane. Some are temporarily stored in the cell, and some are finally transported outside the cell (rough Noodles) play an important role in metabolism and detoxification (smooth noodles)

Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi apparatus has the function of gathering, concentrating and storing proteins.

lysosome

chloroplast

Microtubules: Microtubules are long fibers composed of tubulin. Their function is to serve as the skeleton of the cell and maintain the shape of the cell. Microtubules are found in cilia, flagella and spindles, and they mainly play a role in movement

Microfilaments: Microfilaments are slender protein fibers in cells. Their functions not only include directional movement of cytoplasmic components due to contraction, but also form a cytoskeleton with microtubules and bind to proteins on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Affects plasma membrane flow

Cytoplasm: is a colloidal solution composed of proteins, nucleic acids, sugars and other metabolites. Many metabolic reactions such as glycolysis, amino acid activation, and fatty acid synthesis occur in the cytoplasm

Cell membrane: A bilayer structure containing a large amount of lipids and proteins that shapes cells and has functions such as permeability and shielding.

Nucleus: Biochemical reactions such as DNA replication and RNA transcription are carried out in the nucleus.

Viruses: Studies on viral gene structure and expression have clarified certain principles of eukaryotic gene expression regulation, such as gene overlap, discovery of introns, post-transcriptional pruning, the presence of repetitive sequences and enhancers, etc.

1. Fast growth and small size; 2. Easy to culture and operate; 3. Strong metabolism; 4. Clear gene structure; 5. Free plasmid; 6. Transposon (transposon is a type of DNA sequence that moves its position on the genome); 7. Can be invaded by phages

Yeast itself has transposons and free plasmids, making it a good recipient of genetic engineering; as a lower eukaryote, yeast has many special properties