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MindMap Gallery Pharmacology
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Pharmacology
Pharmacology is a discipline that studies the interaction between drugs and the body and their mechanisms of action. Including pharmacokinetics (overview), visceral pharmacology and endocrine pharmacology, cardiovascular system drugs, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-04 18:53:06
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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Pharmacology
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics (General Introduction)
Transport of drug molecules across membranes
through the cell membrane
passive
filter
simple diffusion
carrier
initiative
Facilitate
membrane movement
pinocytosis, exocytosis
Influencing factors
Drug dissociation and body fluid pH
Drug concentration difference and cell membrane permeability, area and thickness
blood flow
Amount and function of cell membrane transport proteins
The process of drugs in the body
absorb
oral
Injection administration
inhalation
topical medication
Sublingual administration
distributed
Tissue and organ flow
Plasma protein binding rate
tissue cell binding
The pH of body fluids and the degree of dissociation of drugs
Internal barriers (blood brain, placenta, blood eye)
metabolism
significance
Phase (i, ii)
drug metabolizing enzymes
Factors affecting drug metabolism
genetic factors
Induction and inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes
changes in hepatic blood flow
other
excretion
Kidney excretion
digestive tract excretion
other
room model
one room
Second room
Multiple rooms
drug elimination kinetics
Important parameters of pharmacokinetics
bioavailability
apparent volume of distribution
elimination half-life
clearance rate
Drug dosage design and optimization
loading dose
Pharmacokinetics (General Introduction)
Basic effects of drugs
Drug effects and pharmacological effects (drug effects, pharmacological effects, selectivity, specificity)
Treatment effect (cause, symptom)
Adverse reactions
side effects
Atropine, Lor
Toxic reactions (excessive dose)
carryover effect
barbiturates
withdrawal reaction
Glucocorticoids, propranolol, clonidine
secondary reaction
Broad-spectrum antibiotics cause superinfection
Allergic reactions (unpredictable)
Penicillin, amoxicillin
idiosyncratic reaction
Fava bean disease (G-6-P)
Dependence (psychological, physical)
The relationship between drug dosage and effects
Classification of pharmacological effects (quantity response, quality response)
definition
Minimum effective dose (minimum effective concentration)
Maximum effect (potency)
Potency strength (potency)
Half effective dose, half lethal dose
therapeutic index
drugs and receptors
Receptor properties
sensitivity
specificity
saturation
Reversibility
Diversity
Classification of drugs that act on receptors
Receptor type
Contains ion channel receptors
GABA receptor
G protein coupled receptor
M receptors, adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptors
tyrosine kinase receptor
Insulin, growth factors, neurotrophic factors
receptors that regulate gene expression
Steroid receptors, thyroid hormones, VD, VA
receptor modulation
intracellular signal transduction
first messenger
Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines
second messenger
Nitric oxide (has both first and second messenger characteristics)
Diacylglycerol DG
Inositol triphosphate IP3
cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate cGMP
third messenger
growth factors
conversion factor
central nervous system drugs
Drugs to treat degenerative diseases of the central nervous system
parkinson
dopamine-mimetic drugs
dopamine prodrugs
Levodopa
Levodopa potentiator
Amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitors
capidoba
benserazide
MAO-B inhibitors
Silaijilan
COMT inhibitors
Nitrocapone, tolcapone, entacapone
dopamine receptor agonists
Bromocriptine
Lithulide, lixiramide, ropinirole, pramipexole, apomorphine
Dopamine releasing drugs
Amantadine
anticholinergics
trihexyphenidyl
Benztropine, anisodamine
AD
cholinesterase inhibitors
Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, huperzine A
NMDA receptor non-competitive antagonists
Memantine
M choline receptor agonist
Zhanomelin, Sacomeline
antipsychotic drugs
Anti-schizophrenia
classic medicine
Phenothiazines
Chlorpromazine
Perphenazine, fluphenazine, trifluoperazine, thioridazine
Thiaxanthenes
Chlorprothixol
Flupentixol
Butyrophenones
droperidol
Haloperidol, pimoxide
other
Sulpiride
Penfluridol
non-classic
clozapine
Risperidone
ziprasidone, aripiprazole
Anti-bipolar disorder
Lithium carbonate
antidepressant
tricyclic antidepressants
Imipramine (imipramine)
Amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin
NA takes depressant medication
Desipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, reboxetine, venfaxine, duloxetine
5-HT reuptake inhibitors
Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline
other
Trazodone, mianserin, mirtazapine, moclobemide (MAOI)
anti-anxiety medication
benzodiazepines
analgesics
Morphine and opioid agonists
Morphine, pethidine
codeine, methadone
Fentanyl and its congeners, dihydroetorphine
Opioid receptor partial agonists and agonist-antagonists
Pentazocine
Butorphanol, buprenorphine, nalbuphine
Other analgesics
Tramadol, Bucinazine, Tetrahydropydalin, Rotondine
opioid receptor antagonists
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs
Non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors
Salicylates
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
salsalate
Anilines
Acetaminophen
Indoles
Indomethacin
Arylacetic acids
Diclofenac
Arylpropionic acids
Ibuprofen
Enolic acids
Meloxicam
piroxicam, lornoxicam
Pyrazolones
phenylbutazone
alkanones
nabumetone
Isobufenac
Sulindac
Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors
Nimesulide
Celecoxib, Rofecoxib
antigout medicine
Allopurinol, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, benzbromarone, colchicine
Antiepileptic drugs and anticonvulsants
anti-epileptic
Phenytoin, carbamazepine
Phenobarbital, primidone, ethosuximide, sodium valproate
Benzodiazepines (diazepam, nitrazepam, clonazepam)
anticonvulsant
Magnesium sulfate
sedative hypnotics
benzodiazepines
diazepam
Flurazepam, Nitrazepam, Esazepam, Lorazepam, Clonazepam, Triazolam, Oxazepam
barbiturates
Phenobarbital (Lumiere)
Thiopental sodium
other
Chloral hydrate, zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon, meprobamate
local anesthetic
Ester local anesthetics
Procaine, Tetracaine
Amide local anesthetics
lidocaine
Bupivacaine
general anesthetic
inhalational anesthetic
Enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane
nitrous oxide
intravenous anesthetic
Thiopental sodium
Ketamine, propofol, etomidate, sodium oxybate
efferent neuropharmacology
adrenoceptor agonists
alpha,beta
Adrenaline
dopamine, ephedrine
mephentermine
alpha
Norepinephrine
Metaramin (alamin), phenylephrine (nephrine)
beta
isoproterenol
Dobutamine, albuterol
adrenergic receptor antagonists
Block beta
non-selective
propranolol
Nadolol, Pindolol, Timolol, Carteolol
selective beta1
Metoprolol, Esmolol, Acebutolol
block alpha
non-selective
Phentolamine
phenoxybenzamine
Selectivity α1
Tamsulosin, Prazosin
Selectivity α2
Henry
Choline receptor blockers
M
atropine
Scopolamine, anisodamine
Propantheline bromide, homatropine, benazepine, trihexyphenidyl, ipratropium bromide, pirenzepine (selective M1)
N
Succinylcholine
tubocurarine
Micamylamine, Cimeprofen (ganglion)
Choline receptor agonists and drugs acting on cholinesterase
choline receptor agonists
acetylcholine
methacholyl, carbacholyl, becholyl
Pilocarpine (pilocarpine)
Muscarine
Nicotine (N), Lobeline
cholinesterase medicine
anticholinesterase drugs
Reversibility
Neosamine, physostigmine
Pyridosamine, edfenium chloride, ambutium chloride, demetalinium bromide
irreversible
resurrection potion
pralidoxime iodide
pralidoxime chloride
antibacterial drugs
Introduction to Antibacterial Drugs
Common terms
antibacterial drugs
antibiotic
Antibacterial spectrum
bacteriostatic drugs
Bactericide
Minimum inhibitory concentration MIC
Minimum bactericidal concentration MBC
Chemotherapy index CI (LD50/ED50)
Post-antibiotic effects PAE
first contact effect
Antibacterial drug action mechanism
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
beta lactams, vancomycin
Change cytoplasmic membrane permeability
Polymyxin, nystatin, amphotericin B
inhibit protein synthesis
30S-tetracyclines, spectinomycin
50S-erythromycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin
Affects nucleic acid and folic acid metabolism
nucleic acid
DNA-quinolones
RNA-rifamycins
folic acid
Sulfonamides (TMP)
drug resistance
Classification
Intrinsic resistance
acquired resistance
mechanism
produce inactivating enzyme
beta lactamase
Aminoglycoside antibiotic inactivating enzyme
acetylase
adenylase
Phosphorylase
other
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
Esterase
nucleoside transferase
Changes in antimicrobial drug targets
change structure
Generate new target proteins
increase the amount
Change bacterial outer membrane permeability
Affect active outflow system
antibacterial drugs
beta lactam antibiotics
Penicillins
Narrow spectrum penicillins
Penicillin G
Penicillin V
Enzyme-resistant penicillins
methicillin
Oxacillin
nafcillin
Cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin
Broad spectrum penicillins
Ampicillin
amoxicillin
Broad-spectrum penicillins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
carbenicillin
piperacillin
Anti-G-bacteria penicillins
mecillin
Temocillin
Cephalosporin antibiotics
first generation
injection
cephalothin
Cefazolin
oral
Cephalexin
For oral and injection
Cefradine
second generation
injection
Cefamandole
Cefuroxime
oral
cefaclor
Third Generation
injection
Cefotaxime
ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
cefoperazone
oral
Cefixime
Fourth Generation
injection
Cefpirome
cefepime
Fifth Generation
Ceftaroline Fosamil
Ceftorol
Ceftobiprole
beta-lactamase inhibitors and their compound preparations
carbapenems
Imipenem, Meropenem, Panipenem
Cephamycins
Oxycephems
Monocyclic β-lactams
aztreonam
Other beta-lactam antibiotics
beta-lactamase inhibitors
clavulanic acid
sulbactam, tazobactam
Compound preparations of beta-lactam antibiotics
Augmentin
timentine
Sutacillin
Shoupshen
Tazocillin
Macrolides, lincomycins and peptide antibiotics
macrolides
first generation
Erythromycin
Dirithromycin, Medithromycin, Josamycin, Acetylspiramycin
second generation
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Rotamycin
Third Generation
Telithromycin
Lincomycin antibiotics
Lincomycin
Clindamycin
Peptide antibiotics
vancomycin
Vancomycin, norvancomycin, teicoplanin
polymyxin
Aminoglycoside antibiotics
Streptomycin
Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin
Kanamycin, etilmicin
Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol
tetracycline
natural
tetracycline
Oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, chlortetracycline
Semisynthetic
Doxycycline, minocycline
Metacycline
Chloramphenicol
antineoplastic drugs
Drugs that interfere with nucleic acid biosynthesis
Inhibit dihydrofolate reductase
Methotrexate
Inhibit thymidylate synthase
Fluorouracil
Inhibits purine nucleotide interconversion
Mercaptopurine
Inhibit ribonucleotide reductase
Hydroxyurea
Inhibit DNA polymerase
Cytarabine
Drugs that directly affect DNA structure and function
DNA cross-linking agent (alkylating agent)
Nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide
DNA-damaging platinum compounds
Cisplatin, carboplatin
DNA-damaging antibiotics
Mitomycin, bleomycin
Inhibit topoisomerase
Camptothecins, podophyllotoxin derivatives
Drugs that interfere with the transcription process and prevent RNA synthesis
DNA intercalator
Actinomycin D, doxorubicin, daunorubicin
Drugs that interfere with protein synthesis and function
Inhibit tubulin activity
Vincristine, paclitaxel
Interfere with ribosome (ribosome) function
Harringtonine
Block supply of raw materials (amino acids)
L-asparagine base
Medications that affect hormone balance
sex hormone drugs
anti-estrogens
adrenocortical hormones
antiparasitic drugs
Anti malaria
Control symptoms
Chloroquine
artemisinin
Quinine
Control recurrence and spread
primaquine
Cause prevention
Pyrimethamine
Anti-amoeba and anti-trichomoniasis
Anti-trichomoniasis
Metronidazole, Tinidazole
acetasarsamide, trichomycin
Anti-amoebic
Metronidazole, tinidazole, chloroquine, tetracyclines
Against schistosomiasis and filarial worms
Anti-schistosomiasis
praziquantel
Antifilariasis
Diethylcarbamazine (Haiqunsheng)
Anti-intestinal worms
Albendazole, mebendazole
piperazine, pyrantel
Levamisole
Ivermectin
Antiviral and antifungal drugs
antiviral drugs
Anti-herpes virus
Acyclovir
Ganciclovir, valacyclovir, penciclovir
Iodine glycoside
Anti influenza virus
amantadine, rimantadine
Oseltamivir, zanamivir
Ribavirin
Anti-HIV
Zidovudine, Lamivudine
broad spectrum
Interferon
antifungal drugs
systemic antifungals
Antibiotics
Amphotericin B, nystatin, griseofulvin
Flucytosine
Azole antibiotics
imidazoles
Ketoconazole, miconazole, econazole, clotrimazole, bifonazole,
Triazoles
Itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole
terbinafine
Caspofungin
Topical antifungals
Miconazole
Croconazole
Anti-tuberculosis and anti-leprosy drugs
antituberculosis drugs
Isoniazid
rifampicin
ethambutol
Streptomycin
pyrazinamide
anti-leprosy drugs
dapsone, clofazimine
Synthetic antibacterial drugs
Quinolones
first generation
nalidixic acid
second generation
Piperic acid
Third Generation
Fluoroquinolones
Norfloxacin (norfloxacin), ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, enoxacin, pefloxacin
Fourth Generation
New Fluoroquinolones
Gelpafloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, clinfloxacin
Sulfonamides
other
Trimethoprim
Nitrofurans
Nitrofurantoin and furazolidone
Visceral Pharmacology and Endocrine Pharmacology
Adrenocortical hormone drugs
Glucocorticoids
short acting
hydrocortisone
Cortisone
Medium effect
Prednisone
Prednisolone, methylprednisone, triamcinolone
Long lasting
Dexamethasone
betamethasone
Mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
Desoxycorticosterone
Corticotropin and corticosteroid inhibitor drugs
Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs
thyroid hormone
antithyroid drugs
Thioureas
thiouracils
propylthiouracil
methylthiouracil
imidazoles
Methimazole (tapazole), carbimazole (hyperthyroidism)
Iodine and iodide
Compound iodine solution (Lugol solution)
beta adrenergic blocking drugs
radioactive iodine
131I
Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs
insulin
preparation
Ultra short acting
Insulin aspart, insulin lysproline
short acting
regular insulin
Medium effect
low protamine zinc insulin
Long lasting
protamine zinc insulin
Super long lasting
insulin glargine
single component insulin
premixed insulin
Oral hypoglycemic drugs
Sulfonylureas (urea, glide)
Tolbutamide, chlorpropamide
Glyburide, Glipizide, Gliclazide
Glimepiride
Biguanides
Metformin (methformin), phenformin (phenformin)
Insulin sensitizing drugs (glitazone)
Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, troglitazone, ciglitazone, emglitazone
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (classification)
Acarbose, Voglibose
Mealtime blood sugar regulator
repaglinide
Drugs that act on the digestive system (treating ulcers)
antacids
Calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, aluminum hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate
Acid suppressants
H2 receptor blockers
Ranitidine
Cimetidine (Cimetidine), famotidine, nizatidine
H-K-ATPase blocking drugs
Omeprazole
Lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole
anticholinergics
Pirenzepine, tirenzepine
Atropine, propantheline bromide
gastrin receptor blocking drugs
Glutamine
Gastric mucosa protective drug
misoprostol
sucralfate
Potassium bismuth citrate
Enprost, sucralfate, teprenone, mezilin
Anti-Helicobacter pylori drugs
Triple: drug that inhibits gastric acid secretion (prazole) ➕ 2 antibacterial drugs
Quadruple: drug that inhibits gastric acid secretion (prazole) ➕ 2 antibacterial drugs ➕ bismuth preparation
antibacterial drugs
amoxicillin
Clarithromycin
Metronidazole
tetracycline
Drugs that act on the respiratory system (antiasthmatics)
bronchodilators
adrenergic receptor stimulation
non-selective
Isoproterenol, epinephrine, ephedrine
Selective β2
albuterol
Terbutaline
Clenbuterol, Formoterol, Babuterol
Theophylline
Aminophylline
cholophylline
Anticholinergics (M-cholinergic receptor blockers)
ipratropium bromide
tiotropium bromide
anti-inflammatory and antiasthmatic drugs
Glucocorticoids
inhalation preparations
Beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone
Oral preparation
Prednisone, prednisolone
intravenous preparations
Hydrocortisone, sodium succinate, methylprednisolone
anti-allergy medicine
Inflammatory cell stabilizing drug
sodium cromoglycate
nedocromil sodium
antihistamines
Ketotifen (thioperazone)
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor blockers
Montelukast
Histamine and antihistamines
H1 receptor blockers
first generation
Diphenhydramine
promethazine
Chlorpheniramine
second generation
Pyrrolidine, astemizole, meclizine, cetirizine
Loratadine
H2 receptor blockers
Ranitidine
Cimetidine
H3, H4 receptor blockers
cardiovascular system drugs
antihypertensive drugs
diuretics
Thiazide diuretics
Indapamide
Sympatholytic drugs
central antihypertensive drugs
clonidine, moxonidine
ganglion blocking drugs
Cimeprofen, mecamylamine, hexamethonium bromide
Noradrenergic nerve ending blocking drugs
Reserpine, guanethidine
adrenoceptor blocking drugs
beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
propranolol, atenolol, labetalol, carvedilol
α1 adrenoceptor blocking drugs
Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
Acts on RAS
renin inhibitors
Aliguiren
ACEI
Captopril, enalapril
AT1 blocking drugs
Losartan
dilate blood vessels
Calcium channel blockers (vasodilators)
nifedipine
Nitrendipine, lacidipine, amlodipine
direct vasodilator
Sodium nitroprusside, hydralazine
potassium channel opener
Minoxidil, diazoxide
Heart failure medicine
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors
diuretics
Spironolactone, Furosemide
beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
carvedilol, metoprolol
positive inotropes
cardiac glycosides
Long-lasting: Digitoxin
Moderately effective: digoxin
Short-acting: Trichoside C, Trichoside
non-glycoside inotropes
Catecholamines (sympathomimetics)
Dobutamine, dopamine, isobupramine
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Ammrinone, Milrinone, Vesrinone, Pimobendan
vasodilators
Nitrates, hydralazine, sodium nitroprusside, prazosin, nesiritide, bosentan
Calcium sensitizers and calcium channel blockers
Lipid regulating drugs and anti-atherosclerotic drugs
Lipid-adjusting drugs
Drugs that mainly lower TC and LDL
Statins
cholesterol absorption inhibitor
bile acid binding resin
Cholestyramine and colestipol
cholesterol absorption inhibitor
Ezetimibe
Drugs that mainly lower TG and VLDL
fibrates
fenofibrate, bezafibrate
niacin
ReduceLp(a)
Antioxidants
Probucol, Vitamin E
Polyene fatty acids
Mucopolysaccharides and Polysaccharides
antianginal drugs
Nitrates
Nitroglycerin
Isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate
beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
Lore
calcium channel blockers
nifedipine
other
ACEI, carvedilol, nicorandil, dominine, ranolazine
Drugs that act on blood and hematopoietic system
Anticoagulation
thrombin inhibitors
heparin
Low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin, synthetic heparin derivatives
Hirudin, Agatroplasma
VitK antagonists: warfarin, dicoumarol
antiplatelet drugs
Inhibits platelet arachidonic acid metabolism
aspirin
Increase cAMP in platelets
dipyridamole
Silostazol
Drugs that inhibit ADP-activated platelets
Ticlopidine, clopidogrel, ticagrelor
Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocking drugs
fibrinolytics
Streptokinase, urokinase
Anistplase, prakinase, alteplase (t-PA)
Promote coagulation
ikB
fibrinolysis inhibitors
tranexamic acid, tranexamic acid
coagulation factor preparations
anti-anemia drugs
iron supplement
folic acid
VitB12
hematopoietic cell growth factor
Erythropoietin (EPO/erythropoietin), filgrastim, sargramostim
blood volume expansion drugs
Dextran
diuretics
loop diuretics
Furosemide
Ethacrynic acid, bumetanide
Thiazides and thiazide-like
Hydrochlorothiazide
chlorothiazide
Indapamide
Chlorthalidone, metrazone, quinetilzone
potassium sparing diuretics
Spironolactone
Eplerenone
Triamterene, Amiloride
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Acetazolamide
Osmotic diuretics (dehydration drugs)
Mannitol
Sorbitol, hypertonic glucose
Do for RAS
renin inhibitors
Aliguiren
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, benazepril, fosinopril
Angiotensin II receptor (AT1 receptor) blocking drugs
Losartan, Valsartan, Irbesartan, Candesartan
antiarrhythmic drugs
Class I sodium channel blockers
Class Ia
Quinidine
Procaine Press
Class Ib
lidocaine
Phenytoin
Mexiletine
Class Ic
propafenone
II beta adrenergic blocking drugs
propranolol
Atenolol, Esmolol
Class III drugs that prolong action potential duration
Amiodarone
Dronedarone, Sotalol, Dofetilide
Class IV calcium channel blockers
Verapamil
other
Adenosine
calcium blockers
Selectivity
Dihydropyridines
Nifedipine, nicarbazepine, nitrendipine, amlodipine, nimodipine
Benzothiazepines
diltiazem
Clentiazem, dihydrofuride
Phenylalkanes
Verapamil
Galopamil, Thiapamil
non-selective
Prenilamine, bepridil, carlovelin, flunarizine