internal processes

Pharmacological effects

Clinical application

Adverse reactions

Agonizes M.N1.N2 receptors

Promote the release of ACh from motor nerve endings

Agonizes N2 receptors

skeletal muscle contraction

Gastrointestinal. bladder smooth muscle contraction

Cardiac depression

myasthenia gravis

Bloating and urinary retention

Tachycardia

Excessive nausea and vomiting

Similar to neostigmine

glaucoma

Passes the blood-brain barrier and placental barrier

Slow discharge of aqueous fluid from circulation

Block M receptors

Heart excited

vasodilation

Smooth muscle relaxation

Decreased secretion of glands

Dilate pupils. Raise intraocular pressure. Adjust paralysis.

Exciting central nervous system

Sinus bradycardia, AV block 1 degree

septic shock

Abdominal pain, frequent urination, urgent urination

Sweat glands: night sweats Salivary glands: drooling Respiratory tract: administration before anesthesia

Iritis, fundus examination, eyeglasses

palpitations, arrhythmia

abdominal bloating, urinary retention

Photophobia, eye swelling

Blurred myopia

Acid and alkali intolerant: only injected but not taken orally

Invisible to light: Store in dark, covered with black cloth

Agonists α, Þ receptors

Heart: The heart is excited, the heart rate rises, conduction speeds up, and contractility strengthens

Blood vessels: skin, mucous membrane, visceral vasoconstriction, bones and blood vessels, coronary blood vessels dilation

Blood pressure: systolic blood pressure increases, diastolic blood pressure decreases

Smooth muscle: Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

Metabolism speeds up, blood sugar rises

cardiac arrest

anaphylactic shock

Bronchial Asthma

Use with local anesthetics

Premature beats (lidocaine: inhibits ectopic tachycardia)

Injection not oral

Agonizes ab1 receptors, peripheral dopamine receptors

Heart: excited

Vasoconstriction, blood pressure: systolic blood pressure rises, diastolic blood pressure remains unchanged

kidney

Acute renal failure, shock caused by renal insufficiency

feel sick and vomit

Overdose: tachycardia, arrhythmia, decreased renal function

Alkali intolerant, intravenous injection

Stimulates a,b1 receptors (a>b)

Blood vessels: vasoconstriction of skin and mucous membranes

Heart: excitement, increased heart rate, accelerated conduction, enhanced contractility

Blood pressure: systolic blood pressure rises, diastolic blood pressure rises

Shock (vasoconstrictors, vasopressors)

upper gastrointestinal bleeding

local tissue ischemia and necrosis

acute kidney injury

Excited ab1 (a>b1) can be injected intramuscularly or intravenously

It constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure weaker and longer than NA. It causes less adverse reactions such as heart palpitations and oliguria than NA.

NA substitutes, hypotension and early stage of shock, shock after surgery or spinal anesthesia

Not resistant to alkali, injectable

Arouses b1 and b2 receptors (b1=b2)

Heart: excitement, increased heart rate, accelerated conduction, enhanced contractility

Blood vessels: skeletal muscle. Coronary vasodilation Blood pressure: systolic blood pressure rises, diastolic blood pressure falls

Bronchus: bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

Metabolism speeds up, blood sugar rises

Cardiac arrest, bradycardia, atrioventricular block 2.3 degrees

Bronchial Asthma

shock

palpitations, hypoglycemia

Overdose: sudden death caused by ventricular fibrillation

Mainly agonizes b1 receptors

The heart is excited, the heart rate rises, conduction speeds up, and contractility strengthens

Heart failure (medication available but not optimal, oxygen consumption increased but not significant)

injection

Antagonize a receptor

vasodilation, decrease in blood pressure

Heart: Excited, heart rate increases, contractility strengthens

Cholinergic effect, gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation Histamine-like effects: increased gastric acid secretion

Treatment of peripheral vasospastic diseases

Prevent local tissue necrosis and leakage during intravenous drip of NA

Anti-shock

For acute myocardial infarction and refractory congestive heart failure

For the diagnosis and preoperative treatment of adrenal phagocytoma

male dysfunction

orthostatic hypotension

Arrhythmia

Cholinergic and histamine-like effects lead to diarrhea, nausea, and peptic ulcers

intravenous injection

Antagonize a receptor

blood vessels dilate, blood pressure drops

Large doses: Antihistamine effect

Peripheral vasospasm disease (efficacy > phentolamine)

Shock(<phentolamine)

Preoperative treatment and patient medication for pheochromocytoma

benign prostatic hyperplasia

orthostatic hypotension