Taking cells as the research object, from the microscopic, submicroscopic and molecular levels, A discipline that studies the fine structure of cells and the laws of life activities

1. The characteristic of cell biology is the combination of structure and function 2. Pay attention to the interrelationships between cells 3. Understand the mechanisms and laws of basic life phenomena such as growth, development, differentiation, reproduction, and movement of organisms.

Schleiden, Schwann Establish the cell theory

The content of cell theory 1. Cells are organisms. All animals and plants develop from cells and are composed of cells and cell products. Viruses are not made of cells. 2. All cells are basically similar in structure and composition. 3. New cells are derived from the division of existing cells. 4. Biological diseases are caused by abnormal cell function. 5. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of organisms. 6. Organisms reflect their functions through the activities of cells. 7. A cell is a relatively independent unit, which not only has its own life, but also contributes to the overall life composed of other cells.

From the mid-10th century to the early 20th century, cells were mainly studied through fixation and staining techniques, and cell morphology, structure and division activities were observed under optical microscopes. Put forward the theory of protoplasm

In 1841, Lamarck observed the direct division of blood cells in chicken embryos Fleming improved cell fixation and staining techniques, explaining mitosis and amitosis in 1882 Nuclear fission was discovered in 1878, and meiosis was discovered in 1905.

Use experimental methods to study various biochemical metabolism and physiological functions of cells

Proposed the theory of chromosome inheritance, established tissue culture technology, differentially centrifuged various organelles, and invented the chromosome method to measure DNA in the nucleus.

In 1910, Morgan established the "gene theory" based on a large amount of experimental work by him and his collaborators.

The use of electron microscopy has discovered organelles that cannot be seen under a light microscope: endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and lysosomes

The emergence of ultrahigh-pressure electron microscopy revealed the criss-crossing reticular cytoskeleton structure in the cytoplasm and the reticular skeleton structure within the nuclear matrix.

The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope has allowed the observation of cellular submicroscopic structures to go deep into the ultrastructural level, and is used to study the surface three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules such as DNA and proteins.

Base

pillar

The research content of cell biology is constantly deepening its integration with medical science, forming a branch of cell biology—medical cell biology.

Signaling basis of cellular structure and function, protein sorting and transport, chromatin structure and function, assembly of cellular structural systems and deassembly, cell polarity and cell migration, cell proliferation cycle regulation, cell differentiation and stem cell characteristics, fertilization and reproduction, cell Cellular aging and death, cell sociology, cell and tissue engineering, etc.