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MindMap Gallery The formation of tectonic landforms--Students' mind map
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The formation of tectonic landforms--Students' mind map
The formation of structural landforms - students' mind map. Geological structures are rock formations, either buried underground or exposed on the surface, such as anticlines and synclines. Geological structures are changes in rock formations, while structural landforms are specific surface forms.
Edited at 2023-10-13 23:12:25
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The formation of tectonic landforms--Students' mind map
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- Outline
formation of tectonic landforms
Problem situation: How did the Himalayas form and what landforms do they belong to?
Video: The Formation of Mountains
content:
Mountain type
fold mountains
Causes
Mountain system
make up mountains
mountain location
fault block mountain
Causes
illustration
volcano
reason
composition
crater
volcanic cone
volcanic tunnel
Influence
favorable
unfavorable
Causes of mountain formation
Internal force effect
The impact of mountain topography on transportation lines
Video: The Making of the Himalayas
content:
The earth's plates moved again, and the positions of the continents also changed. India moved north toward Asia. The Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate were evenly matched, and it was difficult to tell the winner. The two plates began to rise, and the seabed rose upward along the 2,500-kilometer suture. A huge mountain range was formed, with the altitude rising from 1,500 meters to 4,500 meters, and now to more than 8,000 meters. This is the Himalayas. Here is the world's highest peak: Mount Everest. Its peak stretches into the earth's jet layer, equivalent to the height of an airplane flight. The melted snow on the peak becomes the source of large rivers. The Ganges, Indus, Yangtze and Yellow Rivers all originate from Therefore, the Himalayas are like a huge water tower, and the river water supports nearly half of the world's population.
Catalog: Geological Structures tectonic landforms Impact of mountains on transportation
1. Geological structure and landforms
definition
Deepen the understanding of the definition: traces left by crustal movement Since the earth's crust is constantly moving, it will inevitably leave some traces on the rock layers of the earth's crust. These traces are called geological structures
Type: Wrinkles, faults
Picture 1: Folds (deformed rock formations on the island of Crete, Greece)
Picture 2: Fault (broken and staggered rock formations on the South Island of New Zealand)
Landforms formed: tectonic landforms
Concept analysis: Are geological structures landforms?
Geological structure: It is the form of rock formations, either buried underground or exposed on the surface, such as anticlines and synclines.
Landform: refers to the undulating state of the earth's surface, such as plateaus and mountains.
Conceptual analysis deepens: geological structure, structural landforms, tectonic movement (crustal movement)
Geological structure: It is the form of rock formations, either buried underground or exposed on the surface, such as anticlines and synclines.
Structural landform: Surface morphological characteristics formed by geological structures. Its main types are mountains, valleys, plains, basins, and cliffs.
Tectonic movement: the displacement or deformation of the lithosphere due to internal forces, also called crustal movement
Summary: Geological structures are changes in rock formations, while structural landforms are specific surface forms.
folds
Concept: Under the strong compression force generated by the movement of the earth's crust, the rock layer will undergo plastic deformation and produce a series of wavy bends called folds.
Illustration: Straight rock formation→curved rock formation
Composition: The basic unit of folds: folds
Fold type: The basic forms of folds are: anticline and syncline
Anticline: The upward arch of a rock formation
2Image recognition
Syncline: The downward curve of a rock formation
2Image recognition
Landform:
normal landform
Anticlines form mountains
Determine the terrain location and landforms using real-life images of fold mountains
Reasons why anticlines form mountains: internal compression
Reasons for syncline valley formation: internal compression
Determine the terrain location and landforms using real-life images of fold mountains
syncline valley
transition
Why do some anticlines form valleys and some synclines form mountains in reality?
inverted landscape
definition
type
anticline valley
Reason: The top of the anticline is under tension, and the rock layer is loose and easily eroded, forming a valley.
Determining the inverted terrain location and landforms from real-life pictures of fold mountains
syncline into mountains
Reason: The inclined groove is squeezed, and the rock is dense and difficult to be eroded, forming a mountain.
Determining the inverted terrain location and landforms from real-life pictures of fold mountains
Discrimination:
The question arises: How to judge syncline and anticline
Rock formation morphology judgment method - has limitations
Method for judging old and new rock formations—the most scientific and essential method
The old one in the middle and the new ones on both sides are anticlines.
The middle is new and the old ones on both sides are synclines.
Summary of wrinkles:
Thinking—How to judge anticlines and synclines in the wild
Point-to-point drill
Class exercises
application:
Summary table explanation: anticline—practical significance, reasons or basis
Summary table explanation: syncline - practical significance reasons or basis
Experimental exploration—the significance of studying geological structures
Case - the practical significance of studying geological structures
Classroom Exercise—The Practical Significance of Studying Geological Structures
Exploration—Geological Structures and Landforms The practical significance of studying geological structures
practise
Summary: Anticlines and Synclines
fault
Overview:
1. Concept
When the pressure, tension, etc. on the rock layer exceeds the level it can bear, the rock layer will fracture and undergo significant displacement along the fracture surface, which is called a fault.
2. Classification
horizontal fault
vertical fault
3.Video
Concept classification (normal fault, negative fault, strike-slip fault)
normal fault
Definition: The fault formed by the relative decline of the hanging wall and the relative rise of the footwall is called a normal fault.
The most typical landform feature: fault triangle
If the rock on the fault triangle is very hard or the fault scarp was formed very recently, the triangle will be clear. The fault scarp has been formed for a long time. Under long-term erosion, the height of the fault triangle will decrease and the slope will become gentle.
reverse fault
Definition: When the underground rock formation is subjected to horizontal compression and gravity, the hanging wall rises relatively and the lower layer falls relative to each other, and the fault formed is a reverse fault.
The most typical landform feature: fault scarp
The part close to the fault is an accumulation of poorly sorted agglomerates or debris. The material particles accumulated in the upper part of the wedge and the part far away from the fault are relatively fine, well sorted, and have better bedding. Generally, each movement of a reverse fault can produce a colluvial wedge. Therefore, the number of colluvial wedges can be used as a criterion for the number of fault events. Due to the weathering and erosion of external forces, the original fault landform often undergoes great changes, causing the slope to become gentler and even the cliff to disappear. At the same time, the location of the fault line at the base of the cliff is buried by eroded debris, thus causing the significant features of the fault structure and landform to disappear.
strike-slip fault
Definition: If the rock layer is mainly subjected to horizontal forces, and the rocks in the upper and lower walls only move horizontally without significant upward and downward movement, a strike-slip fault will be formed.
The most typical landform feature: horizontal displacement of water systems or other landform elements passing through faults.
Because the fault plane moves in the horizontal direction, there is often no obvious cliff when observed in the field, and only a straight fault line can be seen on the ground.
Other comprehensive faults
The movement modes of faults in nature are not as simple as these three. There are often two of the above movement modes combined together. Coupled with the influence of factors such as directional differences in fault movement, the fault movement patterns in nature are rich and varied. Such as strike-slip reverse fault, normal strike-slip fault, and reverse strike-slip fault.
judge:
How to judge whether there is a fault in the rock layer?
Judgment basis: Check whether there are discontinuities between faults (see the picture on the right)
Exercise Summary: Lithological Fracture → Obvious Displacement
Impact: (Landform)
Fault displacement is mainly horizontal movement → rock layers are offset in the horizontal direction
Example: San Andreas Fault in the Western United States
Fault displacement is mainly vertical movement → rock layers are staggered in the vertical direction
Vertical upward structural structure—horst
Relatively rising rock masses often become massive mountains or highlands through weathering and erosion.
Example: Huashan, Lushan, Taishan
Vertically downward structural structure - graben
Relatively descending rock masses often form valleys or lowlands.
Example: Weihe Plain, Fen River Valley
application:
1. Use faults to find groundwater: In mountainous areas, rock formations or rocks are broken and are easily eroded into depressions, and water flows are easy to collect.
2. Large-scale projects should be constructed away from fault zones (roads, bridges, reservoirs, etc.)
The rock formation at the fault is unstable and can easily induce crustal movement and damage the project.
Reservoir water storage is prone to leakage
3. Reinforcement measures must be taken promptly for projects near faults
Summary: fault
Conditions: Lithological fracture→obvious displacement
type:
Fault horizontal displacement
fault vertical displacement
horst
Tabular comparison of horst-grabens: direction of movement, landforms, examples, engineering applications
graben
Tabular comparison of horst-grabens: direction of movement, landforms, examples, engineering applications
Summary: Geological Structure and Landforms
Table comparing anticlines, synclines and faults: practical significance, reasons or basis
Summary: Concept Analysis
Geological processes, crustal movement, geological structures, structural landforms
Summary: Geological Structure and Landforms
Table comparing anticlines, synclines and faults: practical significance, reasons or basis
Summary: Concept Analysis
Geological processes, crustal movement, geological structures, structural landforms
Activity exploration: Analyze the formation process of folds and faults based on natural landscapes
Point-to-point drill
Class exercises
2. Plate tectonics and landforms
Introducing a new lesson: Video—Continental Drift Theory
transition:
The Andes Mountains - known as the "Backbone of South America", the longest mountain range in the world, running through the western part of the South American continent
How were the large-scale mountain systems and plateaus on land, the long mountain ranges on the seabed, and the narrow trenches formed?
Scientists have used the plate tectonics theory to give a more reasonable explanation
Basic content of plate tectonics theory:
①The lithosphere is composed of plates: the lithosphere is rigid and broken into multiple irregular blocks, namely plates
The Earth's lithosphere can be divided into six major plates, and there are several smaller plates between these six major plates.
picture
Exploration 1: Name and number of sections
②Plates are constantly moving: The plates cover the molten asthenosphere and are always in slow and constant motion.
video
③The direction of movement between plates: The plates move towards each other and away from each other, forming different landforms at the plate boundaries.
death frontier
growth boundary
④The interior of the plate is relatively stable, and the junction between the two plates is a relatively active area of the earth's crust.
picture
Why are there so many volcanoes and earthquakes in Asia?
Why are there many volcanic earthquakes along the Pacific coast, but relatively few along the Atlantic coast?
What is the reason for so many earthquakes in New Zealand?
What is the relationship between the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes and plate tectonics? What rules are stated?
Plate tectonics video
Plate movement and landforms
Extinction boundary (opposite movement)
Forming fold mountains, trenches, island arcs, etc., such as: Himalayas, Mariana Trench
Continental plates collide with continental plates
fold mountain system
Himalayas
alpine system
Continental plate collides with oceanic plate
Oceanic plates subduct beneath continental plates
Continental plate margin—coast mountains or island arcs
Pictures: Eastern Pacific Coast Mountains Western Pacific Island Chains
Oceanic plate margin—trench
Image: Western Pacific Trench
Question: The relationship between the distribution positions of trenches and island arcs in the Western Pacific and plate boundaries, and use plate tectonic theory to explain their formation processes
Growth boundary (moving away from each other)
Forming ridges, rift valleys, and oceans, such as the East African Rift Valley and the Red Sea
The crust splits and develops into oceans, forming ocean ridges and mid-Atlantic ridges.
Islands are formed when accumulations are exposed out of the sea. Iceland’s territorial land is formed by the accumulation of magma overflowing from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Rift Valley. It is a volcanic island.
Case: The African plate and the Indian Ocean plate move in opposite directions
The Great Rift Valley formed on the African continent - the East African Rift Valley
Water accumulates in rift valleys to form lakes—fault structural lakes, such as Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Malawi
Video: Landforms and Landscapes of the Great Rift Valley
The Red Sea's tectonic plates are rupturing and its area is increasing
Case
Continents and continental plates—rift valleys, oceans
Case: The American plate moves in opposite directions to the African and Eurasian plates
The earth's crust breaks apart into oceans, forming ocean ridges and mid-Atlantic ridges
Image: Hailing
Islands are formed when accumulations are exposed out of the sea. Iceland’s territorial land is formed by the accumulation of magma overflowing from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Rift Valley. It is a volcanic island.
Image: Map of the formation of Iceland
Oceans and oceanic plates—ridges
hawaii hotspot volcano
Picture: General distribution map of fold mountains, mid-ocean ridges and island arcs
Apply what you learn: find out the causes of the following things
Summary of plate movement and landform knowledge: table
situational inquiry
Point-to-point drill
3. The impact of mountains on transportation
Introduction:
Tectonic landforms have a great impact on human production and life. Among them, mountains have a particularly significant impact on transportation.
Impact of mountains on transportation
Natural environment characteristics of mountainous areas (problem introduction)
Pictures: Huashan Sky Plank Road, Ma Chunhai zipline transporting materials, Jianmenguan Shu Road
What are the main impacts on humans?
The relative height and slope of the mountains are large, which is not conducive to human traffic.
Pictures: landslides, mudslides, flash floods
What are the main impacts on traffic?
Mountainous areas have complex geological structures, poor slope stability, rapid flood formation, and rapid water flow, all of which pose threats to transportation facilities and personnel safety.
The importance of proper layout
The importance of reasonable layout of mountain transportation
Summary: What are the difficulties in building transportation lines in mountainous areas?
① Compared with plains, mountains have relatively large heights and slopes, which are not conducive to human traffic.
②Building transportation lines in mountainous areas is not only costly but also difficult.
③ Mountainous areas have complex geological structures, poor slope stability, rapid flood formation, and rapid water flow, all of which pose a threat to transportation facilities and personnel safety.
Conclusion: Overcome the above difficulties and adopt scientific and reasonable layout principles:
①Reduce project cost
② Ensure the safety of traffic lines and traffic operations to the greatest extent
Transportation mode selection (the most reasonable way)
Mountainous terrain affects transportation methods
Performance
Roads are preferred, railways are second
reason
Building roads is cheap and difficult
Problem thinking: Reasons why roads should be given priority over railway development in mountainous areas
Table Comparison—Determining Reasons
The maximum gradient of the railway is much smaller than that of the highway, indicating that it has higher requirements on terrain.
The engineering volume and cost of building railways in mountainous areas are higher than those in plain and hilly areas
It is difficult to build railways in mountainous areas, but it is relatively easy to develop roads
Transportation layout (line selection principles)
Mountainous areas affect the distribution of transportation routes
Performance
Mainly distributed in foothills, intermountain basins and river valleys
reason
The terrain is relatively gentle, construction is less difficult, and construction and operation costs are low.
Such as: Jinshajiang-River Valley Highway
The population in mountainous areas is mainly concentrated in intermountain basins and river valleys. When selecting highway routes, it is necessary to contact as many residential areas as possible to facilitate people's travel.
Such as: Jinshajiang-River Valley Highway
Mountainous areas affect the extension direction of transportation lines
Performance
winding mountain design
reason
The terrain is undulating to reduce the impact of road slopes.
Such as: Jinshajiang-River Valley Highway
For the same straight-line distance, the degree of curvature and total length of lines in mountainous areas are generally greater than those in corresponding plain areas.
Such as: Pictures: Sichuan-Tibet Line-Zigzag Highway Guizhou-Qianxi Southwest-Twenty-four Turns Tibet-Nujiang-Seventy-two Turns Hunan-Zhangjiajie-Tianmen Mountain-Panshan Highway Video: Spiral Design of Yaxi Expressway
Basic principles of transportation route layout of mountainous area transportation bureau
① Try to avoid areas with complex topography, geological and hydrological conditions
② Try to find a balance between maximum traffic volume, shortest lines, and minimum occupation of cultivated land.
③ Protect the ecological environment to the maximum extent, effectively prevent natural disasters, and minimize the damage to mountainous landscapes and the occupation of cultivated land and forest land
The impact of technology and productivity levels
Performance
In the construction of transportation lines in mountainous areas, the combination of bridges and tunnels is often used.
Example: Picture - Bridges and Tunnels in Guiyang, Guizhou Guizhou - Beipanjiang Bridge Video - Luding - Dadu River Bridge
reason
It can both shorten the distance and improve driving safety.
However, it will also increase project construction costs (the increase in the proportion of bridges and tunnels will significantly increase construction costs)
think
What is the main purpose of building a land bridge and tunnel in Hoh Xil?
Protect the smooth migration of Tibetan antelopes and protect the ecological environment
think
What is the main purpose of building bridges and tunnels on Duku Highway?
Material: Duku Highway can be called a "museum" of highway diseases. First, the snow damage is severe. The mountain is usually closed in November every year and melts in May of the following year. It is only open to traffic for half a year. Second, mudslides frequently block traffic. There are 5 largest mudslide-prone areas along the entire line, with a total length of about 2 kilometers.
Conclusion: Preventing Natural Disasters
think
What are the advantages of using a double-helix tunnel design on the Tuowushan section of the Yaxi Expressway?
It improves driving safety and protects the ecological environment of mountainous areas to the greatest extent.
Activity exploration: Understand the factors affecting mountainous highway route selection
1. What natural factors are taken into consideration in highway authority? How do you deal with the relationship with these natural factors?
Natural factors such as terrain, rivers, and swamps were taken into consideration when selecting highway routes.
①The road passing through the valley is designed with zigzag lines to reduce the impact of slope
②At the same time, the route is laid out in valleys with relatively gentle terrain to avoid steep slopes
③ Use bridges when crossing rivers
④Road to avoid swamps
2. In which terrain unit is the population of mountainous areas mainly concentrated? Is it related to the choice of highway lines? This phenomenon shows what other factors influence the selection of old highway lines?
① The population in mountainous areas is mainly concentrated in the 3000 basin and river valley areas. The road selection should connect as many residential areas as possible to facilitate people's travel.
②This shows that human factors such as population and settlement should also be considered when selecting highway routes.
Summary: Summary of principles and reasons for selecting transportation routes in mountainous areas
sheet
Introduction: 1-4
question
Coach: 1-4
practise
4. Class Summary
Macro
mesocosm
microscopic
The impact of mountain topography on transportation lines