TCP/IP is a fundamental communication protocol suite for the Internet.

Protocols ensure reliable data exchange between interconnected network devices.

Standardization enables interoperability and consistency across diverse networks.

Private networks ensure secure, restricted access.

Public networks allow open, widespread access.

Research institutions connect through academic networks.

Business networks enable efficient resource sharing.

Gov networks enhance agency communication.

ARPANET was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense.

TCP/IP protocols were established, enabling network communication.

The Internet expanded with commercial networks and user accessibility.

The Web transformed global information sharing.

ISPs improved access, boosting online connectivity.

E-commerce transformed retail with global ease.

This layer enables user interaction with network services.

It ensures reliable data transfer between end systems.

This layer handles routing and addressing of packets.

It manages physical network connections and data framing.

TCP ensures reliable communication, while UDP offers faster, connectionless transmission.

IP addressing assigns unique identifiers to devices for network communication.

DNS translates human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses.

Over 4.9B people use the Internet.

63% of the world is online.

Internet use has doubled in the last decade.

Social media platforms connect people globally, fostering communication and interaction.

Online education provides flexible learning opportunities through various digital resources.

E-commerce and online banking streamline transactions, enhancing convenience and accessibility.

Streaming services offer on-demand entertainment, revolutionizing how we consume media.

Cloud computing enables scalable storage and computing power, facilitating collaboration and innovation.

IoT connects devices, enabling smarter homes and cities.

G networks boost speeds, enhancing connectivity and applications.

AI integration automates processes, boosting efficiency and decision-making.

Increasing sophistication of attacks poses significant risks globally.

Unequal access to technology exacerbates social and economic disparities.

Governments struggle to create effective policies for online governance.

Users face growing risks of data misuse and surveillance practices.