Biology Culminating Task

Biology Culminating Task
Unit 1: Diversity of Living Things
Unit 3: Evolution
By: Bernard Cruz
Unit 4: Animal System
Unit 2: Genetic Processes
Chapter 7: Introducing Evolution
Chapter 8: Theory of Evolution
Chapter 9: Evolution & Speciation
Chapter 1: Classifying Life's Diversity
Chapter 4: Cell Division & Reproduction
Chapter 5: Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 6: Complex Pattern of Inheritance
Chapter 2: Diversity: Simple to Complex
Chapter 3: Multicellular Diversity
Plant - a multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls.
Embryo - an organism’s early pre-birth stage of development.
Sporic reproduction - sexual reproduction that alternates between a gamete-making individual and a sporemaking individual.
Gametophyte - the haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis.
Sporophyte - the diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis.
Bryophyte - a small, non-vascular land plant; the formal name Bryophyta is reserved for the mosses, one group of bryophytes.
Gymnosperm - a vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds.
Angiosperm - a vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue.
Cone - a gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproductive parts.
Flower - a collection of structures in angiosperms used for sexual reproduction.
Fruit - a mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds.
sex chromosome - an X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism autosome a chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism
homologous chromosome - a chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome
gene - a part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence
allele - a different form of the same gene
karyotype - a photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell
spermatogenesis - the process of producing male gametes (sperm) in mammals
oogenesis - the process of producing female gametes (eggs) in mammals
crossing over - the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes
non-disjunction - the failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis
monosomy - the loss of a chromosome as a result of nondisjunction
trisomy - the gain of an extra chromosome as a result of nondisjunction
selective breeding - the process of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits
artificial insemination - the process by which sperm are collected and concentrated before being introduced into the female’s reproductive system
embryos transfer - the process by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female’s uterus.
in vitro fertilization - the technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the female’s body
cloning - a process that produces identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms
gene cloning - the use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA
recombinant DNA - a molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources
stem cell - an undifferentiated cell that can develop and become specialized into different cell types of the body
therapeutic cloning - the process of replacing an egg cell’s nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell to produce a cell line of genetically identical cells
reproductive cloning - the process of producing genetically identical organisms
incomplete dominance - a condition in which neither allele for a gene completely conceals the presence of the other; it results in intermediate expression of a trait
codominance - the condition in which both alleles for a trait are equally expressed in a heterozygote; both alleles are dominant.
heterozygous advantage - a survival benefit for individuals who inherit two different alleles for the same trait
Dichotomous key
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Ancestor
Anatomy
Physiology
Species
Methanogenesis
Phylogeny
Sub Topic
Sub Topic
Sub Topic
Sub Topic
Sub Topic
Sub Topic
Sub Topic
Sub Topic
Sub Topic
Bacteria (Can survive extreme environments)
Morphology
- a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring.
- separates bacteria and archaea, a biological (or chemical) process that.
- the branch of biology that deals with the structure or form of organisms.
- the evolutionary history of a species.
Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Genus (plural genera)
Classification
- the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species based on natural features.
- the system of giving a two-word Latin name to each species—the first part is the genus and the second part is the species.
a taxonomic group of a closely related species.
- the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria that helps to organize and indicate evolutionary relationships.
Hierarchical Classification
Rank
Taxon (plural taxa)
- the method of classifying organisms in which species are arranged in categories from most general to most specific.
- a level in a classification scheme, such as phylum or order.
- a named group of organisms such as phylum Chordata or order Rodentia.
- an organism (or organisms) from which other groups of organisms are descended.
- the branch of biology that deals with structure and form, including internal systems.
- the branch of biology dealing with the physical and chemical functions of organisms, including internal processes.
Phylogenetic Tree
Structural Diversity
Prokaryotic
- a branching diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships among species.
- a type of biological diversity that is exhibited in the variety of structural forms in living things, from internal cell structure to body morphology.
- a smaller, simple type of cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is more closely related to a Red deer (Cervus elaphus) than it is to an Oryx (Oryx gazella).
Eukaryotic
- a larger, complex type of cell that does have a membrane-bound nucleus.