Vertical Deflection System

The main function of this amplifier is to amplify the weak signal so that the amplified signal can produce the desired signal. To examine the input signals are penetrated to the vertical deflection plates through the input attenuator and the number of amplifier stages.

Horizontal Deflection System

The vertical and horizontal system consists of horizontal amplifiers to amplify the weak input signals, but it is different from the vertical deflection system. The horizontal deflection plates are penetrated by a sweep voltage that gives a time base. By seeing the circuit diagram the sawtooth sweep generator is triggered by the synchronizing amplifier while the sweep selector switches in the internal position. So the trigger saw tooth generator gives the input to the horizontal amplifier by following the mechanism. Here we will discuss the four types of sweeps.

Recurrent Sweep

As the name, itself says that the sawtooth is respective that is a new sweep is started immodestly at the end of the previous sweep.

Triggered Sweep

Sometimes the waveform should be observed that it may not be predicted thus, the desired that the sweep circuit remains inoperative and the sweep should be initiated by the waveform under the examination. In these cases, we will use the triggered sweep.

Driven Sweep

In general, the drive sweep is used when the sweep is free-running but it is triggered by the signal under the test.

Non-Saw Tooth Sweep

This sweep is used to find the difference between the two voltages. By using the non-sawtooth sweep we can compare the frequency of the input voltages.

Synchronization

The synchronization is done to produce a stationary pattern. The synchronization is between the sweep and the signal should measure. There are some sources of synchronization that can be selected by the synchronization selector. Which are discussed below.

Intensity Modulation

This modulation is produced by inserting the signal between the ground and cathode. This modulation causes by brightening the display.

Positioning Control

By applying the small independent internal direct voltage source to the detecting plates through the potentiometer the position can be controlled and also we can control the position of the signal.

Intensity Control

The intensity has a difference by changing the grid potential with respect to the cathode.

Real Life Applicaations of CRO

The cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument, it is used to obtain waveforms when the different input signals are given.

The oscilloscope observes the changes in the electrical signals over time, thus the voltage and time describe a shape and it is continuously graphed beside a scale.

By seeing the waveform, we can analyze some properties like amplitude, frequency, rise time, distortion, time interval, and etc.

The CRO stands for a CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CRO

The CRO stands for a cathode ray oscilloscope. It is typically divided into four sections which are display, vertical controllers, horizontal controllers, and Triggers. Most of the oscilloscopes are used the probes and they are used for the input of any instrument. We can analyze the waveform by plotting amplitude along with the x-axis and y-axis. The applications of CRO are mainly involved in the radio, TV receivers, also in laboratory work involving research and design. In modern electronics, the CRO plays an important role in the electronic circuits.

Measurement of Amplitude

The displays of CRO is used to exhibit the voltage signal like a time function on its display. The amplitude of this signal is stable; however, we can change the number of partitions that cover up the voltage signal within vertical way by changing volt/division button on top of the CRO board. So, we will acquire the signal’s amplitude, which is there on the CRO screen with the help of the below formula.

‘A’ is the amplitude

‘j’ is the volt/division value

‘nv’ is the no. of partitions that cover up the signal within a vertical way.

Measurement of Time Period

CRO displays the voltage signal as a function of time on its screen. The Time period of that periodic voltage signal is constant, but we can vary the number of divisions that cover one complete cycle of the voltage signal in the horizontal direction by varying the time/division knob on the CRO panel.

‘T’ is the Time period

‘j’ is the time/division value

‘nv’ is the number of partitions that cover up one whole cycle of the periodic signal within the horizontal way.

Measurement of Frequency

On the CRO screen, the measurement of tile & frequency can be done very simply through the horizontal scale. If you want to make sure accuracy while measuring a frequency, then it assists to enhance the area of the signal on your CRO display so that we can more simply convert the waveform.

Mathematically the measurement of the frequency can be signified as frequency = 1/period.

1. Cathode Ray Tube

2. Electronic Gun Assembly

3. Deflecting Plates

4. Fluorescent Screen For CRT

5. Glass Envelop