Epinephrine: IM injection via autoinjector

Remove or separate the trigger, if possible; for example, discontinue the medication if it is the cause of the patient's deterioration.

High flow oxygen therapy

Airway, breathing and circulation assessment and support. Send for help.

Canulate patient using 14-16 size cannula in adults to get IV access.

salbutamol/albuterol

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be required after the assessment

Identify patient's trigger

Assess the patient’s prior knowledge and plan accordingly.

Take detailed history from the patient about allergens and causes.

Assess patient’s airway

Monitor urine output to assess renal function, oliguria indicates poor renal perfusion

Monitor vital signs and glasgow coma scale

Monitor oxygen saturation and arterial blood gas to assess tissue perfusion.

ECG Monitoring to assess cardiac system

ABCDE (airway, breathing, circulation, disability (level of consciousness), and exposure (of the skin) assessment is priority to set up goals and plan for the patient.

Patient education

Positioning

Encourage slow and deep breathing to enhance effective breathing.

An allergy alert must be placed in the patient file and handed over to all medical and kitchen staff.

Place a medical alert like a bracelet on the patient for easy recognition

Check all the rights of medication as per the organization’s policy and procedures before administering any medication

Maintain infection control by strict hand hygiene and using an aseptic technique while handling patients and tubing such as catheters or airways.

Strictly monitor intake and output as multiple organs are involved, and the patient is vulnerable due to decreased tissue perfusion.

Apply and evaluate nursing actions to measure the outcome

Cutaneous changes: Usualy a first sign and very common to occur.

-Circulatory changes

Respiratory effect:

Neurological changes,

Gastrointestinal changes

People may have their individual allergies.

Medications: Any medications a person is allergic to may commonly include antibiotics and non-steroid anti-inflammatory medications.

Food: Allergic to any sort of food, usually include, eggs, peanuts, fish or fruits and vegetables.

Latex (a type of rubber) allergy: Latex is commonly used in gloves and even in condoms.

Contrast dye: It is used in some medical diagnostic studies.

Insect stings which may include bees sometimes.

Body's severe reaction to an allergen that reduces tissue perfusion. It may include bee sting, food,and medication

Mast cells and basophils secrete excessive amounts of biochemical mediators

Mast cells are activated primarily by antigen crosslinking of IgE coupled to FcRI receptors on cell membranes. Immunologic and nonimmunologic activation may occur due to the numerous activation mechanisms.

Immunologic: Allergen enters the body and affects B cells (antibody-creating cells). The antibodies that react to an allergen are called IgE (Immunoglobulin E). IgE and mast cells create histamine (vasodilator), resulting in severe hypotension and fluid leaks from blood vessels, leading to swelling.

Non-immunologic (from health/cold or physical stimuli): Stimuli directly target receptors on mast cells, leading to histamine release and severe hypotension.