Lean body mass is reduced,whereas fat tissue increases.

Intracellular fluid is decreased, resulting in less total body fluid to makes dehydration a significant risk to older adults.

Both sexes develop gray hair and wrinkles.

Elongated ears, a double chin, and baggy eyelids.

Collagen fibers become coarser and more random, reducing skin elasticity.

The dermis becomes more avascular and thinner.

Skin becomes irritated and breaks down more easily.

There is a reduction in the number of melanocytes, causing skin pigment, commonly referred to as age spots.

Scalp, pubic, and axillary hair thins and grays due to a progressive loss of pigment cells and atrophy and fibrosis of hair bulbs.

Hair in the nose and ears becomes thicker.

The growth of facial hair may occur in older women.

Fingernails grow more slowly, are fragile and brittle.

Perspiration is slightly reduced.

Kyphosis

Muscle tissue, muscle strength, and muscle movements are decreased, is making Muscle fibers atrophy.

Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function.

Bone mineral and bone mass are reduced, contributing to the brittleness of the bones, especially older women who after menopause.

There is diminished calcium absorption. These changes make fractures a serious risk to the older adults.

In the lungs, cilia reduce in number and there is hypertrophy of the bronchial mucous gland, further complicating the ability to expel mucus and debris.

Alveoli reduce in number and stretch due to a progressive loss of elasticity.

The lung become smaller, to exhale less effectively.

There is a slight left ventricular hypertrophy with age, and the aorta becomes dilated and elongated.

Atrioventricular valves become thick and rigid as a result of sclerosis and fibrosis resulting in systolic and diastolic murmurs.

The heart muscle loses its efficiency and contractile strength, resulting in reduced cardiac output.

Tooth loss is not a normal consequence of growing old, but poor dental care.

Salivary ptyalin is decreased.

Diminished muscle strengthand tongue pressure caninterfere with mastication and swallowing.

The esophagus tends to become slightly dilated, and esophageal emptying is slower, which can cause discomfort, aspiration becomes a risk.

The stomach is believed to have reduced motility in old age.

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin decline with age; the higher pH of the stomach contributes to an increased incidence of gastric irritation.

Liver is less able to regenerate damaged cells. Liver function tests remain within a normal range. Less efficient cholesterol stabilization and absorption cause an increased incidence of gallstones.

Renal tissue growth declines and atherosclerosis, reducing renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate.

The decrease in tubular function also causes decreased reabsorption of glucose from the filtrate, which can cause 1+ proteinurias.

Bladder muscles weaken and bladder capacity decreases.

As male age

As female age

Reduction in glucose utilization and metabolic rate of oxygen in the brain ; do not appear to affect thinking and behavior.

Although β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles are associated with Alzheimer’s disease, they can be present in older adults with normal cognitive function.

The hypothalamus regulates temperature less effectively.

Because the brain affects the sleep–wake cycle, and circadian and homeostatic factors of sleep regulation are altered with aging.

Vision

Hearing

Smell

Touch

Thyroid gland

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland

Pancrease

The aging of the immune system, known as immunosenescence, includes a depressed immune response, which can cause infections to be a significant risk of older adults.

Changes in personality traits may occur in response to events that alter self-attitude, such as retirement, death of a spouse, loss of independence, income reduction, and disability.

The three types of memory are short term, lasting from 30 seconds to 30 minutes; long term, involving that learned long ago.

Basic intelligence is maintained one does not become more or less intelligent with age.

Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge, skills, and information that individuals acquire over their lifetime through education and experience.

Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge.

Learning occurs best when the new information is related to previously learned information.

They are less able to perform tasks that are complicated or require simultaneous performance. (i.e., the ability to retain attention longer than 45 minutes).